Fertö / Neusiedlersee Cultural Landscape - Austria

Fertö / Neusiedlersee Cultural Landscape - Austria

Short Report

The Neusiedler See / Lake Neusiedler area is the meeting point of different cultures for eight millennia. This is graphically demonstrated by its varied landscape, the result of an evolutionary symbiosis between human activity and the physical environment. The remarkable rural architecture of the villages around the lake, and some 18th- and 19th-century palaces contributes to the great cultural interest.

Wonderful Universal Importance

Fertő/Neusiedlersee Cultural Landscape contains the most western steppe lake in Eurasia. This is an area of outstanding natural values and landscape diversity created and maintained by the recording of different landscapes. It is located in the cross-section of different geographical flora and fauna both areas such as wetlands, and is characterised by sub-Alpine mountains, sub-Mediterranean hills, alkaline lakes from drying out from time to time, salinization, reeds, and the coastline plains. This area is a valuable biosphere reserve and gene bank, is home to a rich diversity of flora and fauna and is shaped harmoniously for eight millennia by various human groups and ethnically diverse population. The current character of the landscape is the result of many millennia-old spatial forms based on stock raising and vineyards in a degree not by other European more areas. This interaction is also reflected in the ancient continuity of the urban and architectural traditions and the variety of traditional applications of the country and the more. The Neusiedler See/Neusiedlersee Lake is surrounded by a ring of sixteen settlements and an outer ring of twenty other settlements.

Two large periods are detected: from around 6000 V. CHR to the creation of the Hungarian state in the 11th century after Christ, and from the 11th century to the present. From the 7th century BC the shore is densely populated by people of the early iron age Hallstatt culture and by late prehistoric and Roman time' cultures. In the area of almost every village around the lake you will find remains of Roman villas. The basis of the current network of towns and villages in the 12th and 13th century, their markets prosper from 1277 and beyond. The mid 13th century of Tatar invasion left this area unharmed, and which they continuous development in medieval times to the Turkish conquest in the late 16th century. The economic base in the export of animals and wine. The historical center of the medieval town free of rust in particular flowering of wine. Rust is an excellent example of a traditional human settlement are representative for the area. The city is the special building of a society and culture within which the life of wealthy city dwellers and farmers are a single unit. Its refortification in the beginning of the 16th century marked the beginning of a phase of construction in the area, first with fortifications and then, during the 17 to 19th century, with the construction and adaptation of houses. The remarkable rural architecture of the villages around the lake and several 18th-and 19th-century palaces add to the great cultural interest. The palace of the township of of Fertörákos, Nagycenk, the Fertöd Palace, the Széchenyi-Paleis and the Fertöd Esterházy Palace also exceptional cultural testimonies.

Despite the fact the fact that this is a cross-border property, situated on the territory of two member states, Austria, and Hungary, it has a socio-economic and cultural unit for centuries, which is excellent in terms of its rich archaeological heritage created by successive civilisations, The rich supply of historical monuments that ethnic diversity, and the elements of the extensive ethnographic, geological and mining heritage.

Integrity

The inscribed with Koranic verses house, situated on the austrian-hungarian border is not only characterized by diversity but also maintained, in terms of both natural and cultural aspects, the countryside, the socio-economic and cultural functions, as well as the spatial forms, the various ancient continuity of the wine-growing and livestock. And the rich characteristics of settlement architecture and structure with regard to land use planning. The integrity of the property is on the basis of geological, hydrological, geo-morphological, climatic, environmental, and regional and cultural characteristics.

The landscape of the Fertő/Neusiedlersee has favorable natural and climatic conditions, which have ensured that is suitable for agricultural cultivation and breeding for thousands of years. The water, the reed-beds, the salty areas, alkaline lakes and their remains, The row hills drive the lake from the west with forests and vineyards at the top, representative not only of course-geographical component, but also hundreds of years the same use of the grounds and the lake, which the area a unique example of the human life in harmony with nature. Under the world's saline lakes, the Fertő/Neusiedlersee area is unique in terms of the organic, old, diverse and still live human-ecological relationship typing lake and society. The characteristic human and artificial elements of the cultural landscape include the traditional, partly rural architectural character of the settlements around the lake, the settlements' structure, the unit of the homogeneous controlled buildings on streets and squares, and various 18th and 19th century palaces in their landscape. The ancient vineyards, wine-growing and reed management contribute to the continuity of the use of land, as well as the continuous use of traditional building materials.

Much of the value of the field is located in the actual unchangeable qualities of the way of life, the preservation of common architecture and landscape based on a traditional and sustainable exploitation of a limited number of resources. Although tourism is both a change and a catalytic converter, which development and the introduction of the intrusive modern construction will have to be addressed. The preservation of these characteristics and conditions of integrity will lead to the development and implementation of policies and zoning regulations to ensure that new developments do not open terrain and that respect for the form and extent of traditional buildings.

Authenticity

The total landscape and the size, as well as the internal structure and rural architecture of the towns and villages witnesses of an agricultural land and way of life continuously since the middle ages. The arrangement pattern and the occupation of different contemporary village sites date Roman times and earlier. Buildings, walls and vistas are preserved in many places as well as the ratio of built-in areas. Authenticity is also supported by the continuation of the use of local building materials (limestone, reeds, wood). A varied ownership pattern is illustrated by the remarkable rural architecture of the very small villages and by the Fertőd Esterhazy and of Fertörákos, Nagycenk Széchenyi Palaces, excellent examples of the landed aristocracy the architecture from the 18th and 19th century. The limestone Leitha, found in the neighborhood and mined from the Roman period to the middle of the 20th century, the stone to Sopron and Vienna, as well as to the local settlements.

Wide Report

The Fertö-Neusiedler Lake and its surroundings are an excellent example of a traditional human settlement and land use representative of a culture. The current character of the landscape is the result of many millennia-old spatial forms based on stockraising and viticulture to an extent not by other European more areas. The historical center of the medieval town of Rust free is an excellent example of a traditional human settlement are representative of the area. The city is the special building of a society and culture within which the life of wealthy city dwellers and farmers a united whole. The Fertö-Neusiedler More is the meeting point of different cultures for eight millennia, and this is shown by the varied landscape, the result of an evolutionary and symbiotic process of human interaction with the physical environment. The lake is located between the Alps, 70 km away, and the lowlands in the territory of two member states, Austria, and Hungary. The lake itself is in an advanced stage of sedimentation, with extensive reed. The already exists 500 years in an active water management system. In the 19th century, canalization of Hanság tighten the more from its freshwater swamp. 1912 Completion of a circular dam ends in Hegykö in the south there is no flooding.

Two large periods are detected: from around 6000 V. CHR to the creation of the Hungarian state in the 11th century AD, and from the 11th century to the present. The World Heritage Site is located in an area that Hungarian territory from the 10th century to the First World War.  The basis of the current network of towns and villages in the 12th and 13th century, their markets prosper from 1277, when they were relieved of many tax rights.

The mid 13th century of Tatar invasion left this area unharmed, and which they continuous development in medieval times to the Turkish conquest in the late 16th century. The economic base in the export of animals and wine. Peace in particular flourished in the wine trade. Its refortification in the beginning of the 16th century as a reaction to the then emerging Ottoman threat marked the beginning of a phase of construction in the area, first with fortifications and then, during the 17 to 19th century, with the construction and adaptation of houses. The remarkable rural architecture of the villages around the lake and several 18th-and 19th-century palaces add to the great cultural interest. The palace of the township of of Fertörákos, Nagycenk and Fertöd Palace are included in detached areas of the core zone outside the buffer zone. Széchenyi Palaces , on the south side of the lake, is a detached ensemble of buildings in the center of a large park, originally built in the middle of the 18th century on the site of a former mansion. It acquired a number of its current form and by around 1800. The Baroque palace garden was originally dating from the 17th century. In the late 18th century, an English landscape garden.

Between 1769 and 1790 Josef Haydn's compositions were first heard in the Fertöd Esterházy Palace. It was the most important 18th-century palace of Hungary, built to the example of Versailles. The plan of the palace, the garden and the park was of geometric lines to the new village Esterháza. There, outside the palace settlement were public buildings, buildings and residential area. The palace itself is built around a square with rounded corners internally. In the south is a huge French baroque garden which has changed several times, the current layout essentially that of 1762.

Historical Data

Two large periods can be detected: of c 6000 BC up to the creation of the Hungarian state in the 11th century AD, and from the 11th century to present. The nomination is located in an area that Hungarian territory from the 10th century until the World War I. The landscape was started with the development of at least the 6th millennium BC. Then, early Neolithic communities lived in large permanent villages: a row of these settlements follows the southern shore of the lake. Cultural and commercial links with the surrounding areas are the characteristics of a later Neolithic phase. Various cultural characteristics distinct phases at the beginning of the 4th millennium if settlements were in different locations and livestock increase was the basis of the economy. Metallurgy was around 2000 BC, and then this area shared in what looks a general European prosperity in the 2nd millennium BC. One of its manifestations was the dissemination of orange: the Orange Route between the Baltic Sea and the Adriatic Sea passed to the lake.

From the 7th century BC from the shore of the Lake is densely populated, first by people of the early iron age Hallstatt culture and by late prehistoric and Roman times. In the area of almost every village around the lake you will find remains of Roman villas. Two in Fertö Lake (Lake Neusiedl / Neusiedlersee) As Well As), are accompanied by a 3rd century AD Mithraic temple which is open for visitors. The Roman rule was ended in the late 4th century A.D., but by the first of many invasions, beginning a phase of continuous change and confusing replacement of one people by another to the Avar Empire in the 9th century. Hungarians occupied the Carpathian Basin and were the rulers of the lakes around AD 900.

A new state and government system was founded in the 11th century. Sopron, a place with prehistoric and Roman origin, was the seat of the de schout and the center of the county named after. The basis of the current network of towns and villages in the 12th and 13th century, their markets prosper from 1277, when they were relieved of many tax rights. A migration of German settlers in the 13th century and continued throughout the Middle Ages. The mid 13th century of Tatar invasion left this area unharmed, and which they continuous development in medieval times to the Turkish conquest in the late 16th century. The economic base in the export of animals and wine.

Rust in particular flourished in the wine trade. Its refortification in the beginning of the 16th century as a reaction to the then emerging Ottoman threat marked the beginning of a phase of construction in the area, first with fortifications and then, during the 17 to 19th century, with the construction and adaptation of houses. The liberation of the farmers after 1848 and the political situation after 1867 promote development and activity is refreshed. The most important events on the spot in the second half of the 19th century were the construction of railways and the implementation of the water management. In the 20th century, the austrian-hungarian border created after World War I the region divided into two, but real insulation started with the creation of the iron curtain between the communist world and the rest of Europe after the Second World War. It was at Fertörákos, 'the place where the first brick was knocked out of the Berlin wall,' that participants at a Pan-European Picnic tore down the barbed wire and re-opened the frontier which still crosses the Lake.

Source:whc/unesco