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| Australian Convict Sites |
Short Report
The property consists of a selection of eleven criminal sites, of the many thousands of by the British Empire to Australian soil in the 18th and 19th century. Approximately 166,000 men, women and children were sent to Australia more than 80 years between 1787 and 1868, was condemned by the British justice to the transport to the convict colonies. Each of the sites has a specific purpose, in terms of both repressive confinement and recovery through forced labor to build the colony. The Australian Convict Sites presents the best-preserved examples of large-scale convict transport and the colonial expansion of European powers by the presence and labor of prisoners.
Wonderful Universal Importance
Brief synthesis
The complex consists of eleven additional locations. It is an excellent and large example of the forced migration of prisoners who have been sentenced to transport to distant colonies of the British Empire, the same method was also used by other colonial states. The websites provide a picture of the different types of convict settlement organised to meet the colonial development project by means of buildings, ports, infrastructure, the extraction of resources, etc. They illustrate the living conditions of the prisoners, who were condemned for the transport of their homes, deprived of freedom, And subjected to forced labor.
This transport and the corresponding forced labor was carried out on a large scale, both for criminals and convicted for relatively minor offenses, as well as for expressing certain opinions or political opponents. The penalty of transport to Australia also applied to women and children from the age of nine. The convict stations are witnesses of a legal form of punishment which prevails in the 18th and 19th century in the large European colonial states, simultaneously with or after the abolition of slavery.
The property shows the various forms which the convict settlements, close to the discussions and opinions about the punishment of crime in the 18th and 19th-century Europe, both in terms of exemplarity and the severity of the penalty that is used as a form of deterrence and the objective of social rehabilitation through labor and discipline. They affect the emergence of a criminal model in Europe and America. Within the colonial system in Australia, the convict settlements simultaneously led to the indigenous population forced back to the less fertile hinterland, and to the creation of a major source of population of European origin.
Historical Data
The transport of people for forced labor is a common system that many societies, in different periods of history and in many cultures. Were Usually slavery or the deportation of people following war. However, in the modern and contemporary eras, convict colonies were used as a place for prisoners their sentences in a distant land, where they were usually used for forced labor. Penal colonies were initially for the detention of criminals, in combination with forced labor. In Europe they are concentrated in military ports, for example, to provide that work on galleys or for hard labor in arsenals, building infrastructure, etc. In times of war, forced labor camps and prisons are comparable in terms of organization and objectives.
A new form of penitentiary institution combined with a colonial project appeared in the early 17th century in European countries, where the permanent transport of prisoners to new territories. In the Transport Act of 1718 The Uk organized just such a system for the criminals in the North American colonies. France has after conclusion of the galleys in 1748. Is sentenced to a convict colony is in theory a heavy prison sentence, for a serious offense. In reality, however, because of the colonies need labor, many crimes, often relatively small, led to transport for more or less long terms. The expression of certain opinions or membership of a banned political group were also punishable.
In 1775 the Uk stops the transport of the criminals of America, due to the unrest which eventually led to the colonies seek their independence. Australia was the replacement destination begins in 1778 with the gradual organization of many convict colonies. Port Jackson (Sydney Harbor) was the first place where prisoners were landed.
Transport to Australia reached its maximum between 1787 and 1868, with 166,000 prisoners to its many convict stations. Australia is at the moment a vast area, inhabited only by indigenous peoples, who were quickly forced away from the most secluded and most fertile coastal areas. From the point of view of the settlers, everything had to be built, starting with the ports, houses, roads, colonial farms, etc. The prisoners were often from the lower classes; women were 16% of the total, and there were also many children, which can be punished with the transport from the age of nine.
The Australian convict system has different ways to meet the many objectives. The grew from a major debate in Europe at the beginning of the 19th century on the punishment of crimes and the social role of the transport of prisoners. The discussion on the one hand, the idea of punishment and on the other side the desire to discourage crime by the idea of rehabilitation of personal conduct by means of work and discipline. Transport of a workforce to serve colonial development, especially in the more remote areas, was seen as a useful and effective response to these various social problems in the UK, but also in other European countries such as France and Russia. In the Australian case the convict was in practice also designed so that the detainees full settlers when they had their sentences. The large distance between Europe and Australia meant that the prisoners almost always remained after their release.
The Australian convict system includes a variety of prison systems, ranging from outside to inside work, stage transport to simple imprisonment; the contained convict stations for women or children (Cascades Female Factory and Point Puer). In some convict stations, the prisoners lived next to free settlers (Brickendon and Woolmers Estates). Living Conditions were of course very strict, but they were variable in terms of stiffness, depending on the location and function. The monitoring and the transporting of the detainees also requires the presence of a substantial prison administration, the organization of a specialized fleet, the presence of many guards, etc.
The most extreme drives, for the prisoners regarded as the most dangerous, a prison, hard and often dangerous work, corporal punishment, such as whipping or deprivation and solitary confinement. Most of the sites have a prison and a solitary confinement; but other punishment drives, such as Norfolk Island, Port Arthur and the Tasman Peninsula mines. These drives were famous in the entire British Empire their severity, with a view to the preservation of the fear for transport under the population and thus reduce crime in Great Britain and its colonies. The convict gang system was used for public works, in particular for roads and ports. They were generally very strict, and the work was difficult. Examples are old Great North Road, Hyde Park barracks, Port Arthur, coal mines, Kingston and Arthur's Vale historic area, and Fremantle Prison.
There were also labor convict stations for the prisoners include less a threat, where the prisoners were made available for private projects, often agriculture. The entrepreneurs who at their own risk. Examples are Brickendon and Woolmers Estates and Old Government House. - Women's Labor was more of a production, such as Cascades Female Factory, a textile mill It was of course still prisons with a system of penalties and rewards. Some convict stations used women as servants - for example, farms and Old Government House.
These detainees who behaved themselves would be able to earn a lighter penalty gradually lead to their early release. In the very lively ghosts of the social reformers of prisoners, the goal was a probationary period path that would gradually lead to social integration through work and, finally, the status of a full colonial settler. The establishment of convict stations in Australia, in the heart of the program of colonies, particularly negative effects for the indigenous peoples. This led to social unrest, forced migration, and the loss of fertile land, as well as devastating epidemics because of their lack of immunity. Conflicts and resistance were often as settlers and prisoners arrived, often resulting in death.
The penal settlements continued for quite a long time after the transportation system was abolished,, to the eve of the Second World War, driven by their own dynamism of prisoner management and such practices, but applied on a much smaller scale, such as exile. The last of the sites to make more active use was Fremantle Prison, which in the beginning of 1990. Today, most of these sites are fully or partially places of reminder, museums or parks.
Source:whc/unesco
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