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| Quebrada de Humahuaca |
Short Report
Quebrada de Humahuaca follows the line of a major cultural route, the Camino Inca, along the spectacular valley of the Rio Grande, from its source in the cold high desert plateau of the Andes lands the confluence with the Rio Leone approximately 150 km to the south. The valley gives important indications for its use as an important trade route from the last 10,000 years. It features visible traces of prehistoric hunter-gatherers communities of the Inca empire (15th to 16th century) and the fight for independence in the 19th and 20th century.
Wide Report
Quebrada de Humahuaca follows the line of a major cultural route, the Camino Inca, along the spectacular valley of the Rio Grande, from its source in the cold High Andes desert plateau at the confluence with the Rio Leone approximately 150 km to the south. The valley gives important indications for its use as an important trade route from the last 10,000 years. Spread along the valley are many remains of successive settlements whose inhabitants created and used this linear routes. They feature prehistoric hunters and gatherers and early farming communities (9000 BC AD 400), Large structured agricultural society (AD 400-900), thriving pre-Hispanic towns and villages (900-1430/ 80), The Incan empire (1430/80 -1535), Spanish towns, villages and churches (153/93 -1810), and Republican fight for independence (1810- 20th century). A striking feature is the extensive remains of stone-walled terrace fields of guidance Coctaca, thought to originate from around 1,500 years ago and is still in use; these are linked to a series of fortified towns known as pucaras . The system and the pucaras together a dramatic impact on the landscape and an unmatched in South America . The valley also provides a variety of churches and chapels and a lively common architectural tradition.
The Quebrada de Humahuaca is a long narrow valley carved out by the Rio Grande. He is flanked by high mountain ranges and extends from the cold high desert plateau of the High Andes lands, to the wide warm damp Jujuy valley to the southeast. The valley has a crucial natural route for the transfer of people and ideas from the time of the hunters and collectors on the day of today. Through its subvalleys linked the many traces of the forest areas with the major thoroughfare, to gather resources of the highlands to the plain. The main aspects of the site, the network of walking trails through the valley. These include remains of old tracks, revetted road, rail, and finally asphalt paved roads.
The 26 rock-art sites in the valley so far known evidence of the use of caves and shelters of the time of the hunter-gatherers to the arrival of the Spaniards. In some caves, early petroglyphs and pictographs of geometric and zoomorphic forms, people and animals, found next to representations of the Spanish horse that warriors on foot. As a whole, the valley reflects the way its strategic position has meant settlement and agriculture and trade. The pre-Hispanic and pre-The Incan settlements a complex territorial organizational strategy designed to settlements convenient location along the valley and the development of intensive agriculture through advanced irrigation technologies.
Historical Data
The history of the valley begins with proof of hunters-gatherers societies live in caves and shelters cave approx. 10,000 BCE. There probably took part in seasonal migrations. Deteriorating climate between the 6th and 3rd millennium BCE, which was drought, seems to have deterred further settlement to an increase of rainfall after 2500 v. BC., encouraged new groups of people back colonize some of the older caves.
These new settlers combined hunting with agriculture and this limited mobility. After about 100 AD villages are formed, and related to this, the movement between the member states and with different ecological zones. Caravans of llamas began for the transport of goods such as obsidian, turquoise, ceramics and the hallucinogenic drug cebil from the eastern forests. After about 700 AD an increase of the population, coupled with the improved agricultural techniques, led to the development of major settlements near the river. Surpluses were traded with neighboring areas and perhaps further away. These settlements certainly back the growing power of the Tiwanaku State around Lake Titicaca and there is evidence for the trade between the two.
After 1000 AD, perhaps motivated by the collapse of the Tiwanaku state, there was a period of social change that was the last flowering of the local Quebrada de culture. The settlements were abandoned and towns built on higher rocky foothills. Known as pucaras (fortresses), they were characterised by densely grouped housing for the growing population. The individual pucaras can are the seats of the heads of various ethnic groups in the valley. An increase of the population, and a huge increase in the trade, has led to the cultivation of extensive areas along the valley and on the lower slopes of the mountains. Caravan movement grew in size and also to what extent the valley still linked to the forests, the Jujuy valley, in the south of Bolivia and the adjacent parts of Chile.
Between 1430 and 1480, the enlargement of The Incan Empire reduced further local development. Almost certainly The Incan conquerors came along the trade routes tried to check it. The Incans were interested in exploiting minerals as well as in the creation of large agricultural enterprises to export the products of both on their core areas. New settlements were established for the promotion of this trade and the transport is enhanced by the construction of a complex system of newly designed roads connected with the formidable Quebrada de transport system that crossed The Incan Empire from Ecuador to Chile and Argentina - an area of approximately 5,000 miles.
In the 16th century the valley gradually falling prey to the new conquerors, the Spaniards. Just as with the Inca'S, the Spanish wanted the strategic trade routes and harvest the resources of the valley. Trade increased along the existing road network with silver, cattle and cotton are performed and European imported goods. A huge demographic changes took place as many of the inhabitants are victims of new diseases and migrants from Spain began to settle in the valley in new settlements. More trade and in the 18th century a line of staging points was set up along the main route through the valley and beyond, as part of the link between Buenos Aires and the Peruvian area.
For a period of 14 years from 1810, Quebrada de played a crucial role in the transfer of troops and armaments and to High Peru in the struggle for independence which was achieved in 1816, and then in the 'civil wars' and conflicts on the border between the new member states. In quiet times in the 19th century, especially after the opening of the salt-peter mines in the trans-Andean desert. The nature of this trade change substantially with the advent of the railways along the valley in 1900.
Finally, in the 20th century, the main valley route was a part of the Pan-American north-south road and therefore the valley still play an important role in the coordination of the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.
Source:whc/unesco
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