Wachau Cultural Landscape In Austria

Wachau Cultural Landscape - Austria

Short Report

The Wachau is a piece of the valley of the Danube between milking and creams, a scenery of the highly visual quality. He should in an intact and visible form many tracks - keep in relation on the architecture (cloister, locks, ruins, urban design, (towns and villages), and agriculture, primarily for the cultivation of vines - his evolution since the prehistory.

Wide Report

The Wachau, a piece of the valley of the Danube between milking and creams, is an excellent example of a scenery river salmon roasted surrounded through mountains which have survived material proofs of his long historical evolution a noteworthy degree. The architecture, the human settlements, and the use of the land for the agriculture in the Wachau speaking examples illustrate a primarily medieval scenery which has developed biologically and harmoniously. The Wachau is kept a scenery of the highly visual quality in an intact and many tracks visible form - in the form of the architecture (cloister, locks, ruins) urban design (towns and villages) and agricultural use, primarily for the cultivation by vines - his development since the prehistory.

The dispatch of the natural forest lid by the man began in the neolithischen period, although significant changes took place on the land about 800 when the Bavarian and Salzburg began cloister to cultivate the slope of the Wachau, the development of the present scenery pattern of vine terraces. During the centuries which followed the area of the cultivation, under the influence of changes swayed in the climate and the wine market and acute working shortage and the resultant Lohnzunahmen in the 17-th century. In the 18-th century, slope vineyards was promoted in ecologically optimum areas actively. In this manner the areas which were for the pasture with the resultant economic results: some societies had to close, while others were complemented. It was in this period that wine-growing was given up, in the end, in the top pieces of the Wachau. The development of the scenery has in the 19-th century especially far-reaching implications for the Wachau. The relation of the land dedicated wines and the fruit wax and still near linkedly to variations to be returned at the markets for the products which does his typical appearance to the Wachau.

The basic layouts of the Wachau the towns which go back to 11. and the 12-th century. The development of the settlements with her homogeneous nature becomes in the town structures, in the structure as well as design of the houses on the street normally reflects irregular fields and cartridges which have remained, actually, consistently since the late middle age. Some centers were extended somewhat on the outside edge of the structure by small houses primarily from 1950 and, in addition. The buildings in the Wachau town date of newer periods than the street plans. In 15. and the 16-th century, built of the stone the farm citizens and wooden citizen-houses began.

The farms winegrower which, U-shaped or L-shaped are long or exist of two parallel buildings which date from the late middle age and 16. by the 17-th century. Most from these, with side gate-walls or integrated übergesprungenen passageways and servicing buildings, with smooth facades, mainly changed by 18. and the 19-th century. Street fronts will or reach often by late-medieval and post medieval bay windows on strong clips, images in Alkoven, mural paintings and Sgraffito work, or remains of the color to baroque facades increasingly. The precipitously put up, high crazy roof is done so often that it can be looked as an architectural quality of the Wachau of house. The buildings of the 18-th century, still trade, crafts are, and in the town structure, like taverns or inns, impulses are partially integrated to change Draftpferde, boat and machine operator, houses, windmills, to smiths let, or salt barrels resound, return often to 15. and the 16-th century. There are several locks the town and the valley of the Danube controls, and many architectural and artistic important ecclesiastical buildings control both townscape or scenery.

Historical Data

The dispatch of the natural forest lid of the Wachau by the man began in the neolithischen period, although significant changes took place on the land about 800 when the Bavarian and Salzburg began cloister to cultivate the slope of the Wachau, the development of the technically workable scenery pattern of vine terraces. During the centuries which followed the area of the cultivation, under the influence of changes swayed in the climate and the wine market and acute working shortage and the resultant Lohnzunahmen in the 17-th century. Consequently the wood settled in the top edges of the wine of growing area again; in the valleys it was substituted with other agricultural activities. The ground of the fallow areas, affected by fruitless attempts in the cultivation, has never recovered which explains the typical types of the special vegetation in these habitats (dry pasture, shrubs and forest land).

In the 18-th century, slope vineyards was promoted in ecologically optimum areas actively. In this manner the areas which were given on the pasture with the resultant economic results: some societies had to close, while others were complemented. It was in this period that wine-growing was given up, in the end, in the top pieces of the Wachau. The development of the scenery had in the 19-th century special results for the Wachau. The appearance of Phylloxera, the negative results of the war and the growing competition of the Burgenland and Italy took changes in the structure, the area, the methods of wine from growing areas, and the areas before. The apricot wax, typically for the Wachau one day, began, to decrease and to lower slope. The relation of the land dedicated wines and the fruit wax and still near linkedly to variations to be returned at the markets for the products which does his typical appearance to the Wachau.

There has been human occupation in the Wachau of Altsteinzeitlichen times, as indicated, by the figures of gallows mountain (c 32,000 years old) and will village (c 26,000 years old). The area of creams and milk it was already populated in the neolithischen period (in 4500-1800 BCE), and there are many find from the Bronze Age (1800-800 BCE). In the Iron Age the Illyrian Hallstatt culture (800-400 BCE) was substituted with the La Tène culture of the west bit by bit: at the moment the Celtic kingdom Noricum developed in the south of the Danube. As the Romans annexd Noricum in 15 BCE which the Danube the border (limes) with the Germanic people was in the north. Mautern (Favianis) was an important border garrison town where one of the Roman fleet was put up by the Danube. The limes broke down at the end of the 4-th century, and Noricum was laid on one of the main way-invasion by the north.

In 453 Saint Severinus, the ' apostle of Noricum, ' the first one founded a monastic community in the province beyond the gates of Mautern. As a result of his activities developed to Mautern in an important spiritual and religious center where pilgrims assembled and moved to Italy. The name 'Wachau' is mentioned first in 853 as a geometrical place Wahowa. Creams appears only when Urbs Chremisa in 995 and is the oldest Austrian town it is registered in a document. The Wachau is the setting of the Nibelungenlied, the big German epic, in writing shortly after 1200 and shows the political situation in this time. He mentions the Wachau towns Pöchlarn exit (Bechelaren), milk (Medelike), and Mautern (Mutoren). The Wachau came to 976 under the rule of the mountain Baben margraves, with Leopold I beginning. The Austrian march took to a dukedom was in 1156 and ordered to the mountain Baben Henry II Jasomirgott who are claims to Bavaria.

The counterreformation (in 1530-1620) had a big influence in the Wachau, to Protestantism under the Göttweig abbot Georg II Falb (1612-31), in the end, was suppressed. His support for eleven Austrian Benedictine's abbeys a main factor was reached in the interest by the Austrian cloister (and Göttweig in particular) in the baroque period. The victory on the Protestant also became in the building of churches, chapels and small monuments reflects. From 1700 and, in addition, the artistic and architectural monuments which belong to the most important examples of the Austrian baroque in the Wachau were built. These enclose the restoration of the abbey of milk (started in 1702), the conversion of the snow cannon abbey in Dürnstein (1715-33), and the full-scale reconstruction of the Göttweig abbey of 1719.

In the late 18. and at the beginning of 19-th century the Wachau began to lose his historical importance. The fastener the cloister in Austria and the Säkularisierung of Bavaria destroyed ancient ties. River transport was still substituted as a result of the competition by the street transport and by 1909 and further by the railroad line. This at the end of 19-th century saw a new perception of the Wachau, like the ' golden Wachau, ' a mixture of the history and the legend, the art and the people's customer, the wine and the hospitality. A crisis squad became founded in 1904 for the economic doctorate of the Wachau, with the participation of all local communities between creams and milk. In newer times there is a return to the roots of the area, what the intensive doctorate ' of the maintained ' tourism with the vineyards protected according to the law.

Source:whc/unesco

Semmering Railway In Austria

Semmering Railway  - Austria

The initial part of the Semmering railway civil engineering in one of the greatest achievements of 41 km of high mountains in 1848 and 1854. High quality tunnels, viaducts and other works of art have been ensuring continuity in the line is still in use today. He passed through the spectacular mountain scenery, there are many beautiful architectural design sideway the roads, recreation of the space opened by the arrival of the railways.

Wide Report

The Semmering rail characterizes excellent technical solutions for outsized railway construction in large physical problems. The initial phase of railway civil engineering construction of one of the greatest achievements of railway 41 km of high mountains between 1848 - 1854. High quality tunnels, viaducts and other art have ensured continuous use up to now. In addition, the construction is more accessible and beautiful nature reserve has been developed for residential and recreational use, so a new form of cultural landscapes.

The transport path of the valley of the Mürz to Viennese depression has been used since the prehistory. At the middle age it was looked as one of few sure Alpine crossings. Transport is possible with beasts of burden and cars pulled from oxen, and it had become one of the most important international fastened ways of Venice from the 12-th century. However, the Semmering a lot from his trade had lost in the 15-th century as a result of the opening of the distiller and Radstatter Trauem ways further to the south. In 1728 emperor Karl Vl ordered to be improved, in the commercial as well as military street, what an Austria with Miserably as Venice (consequently his name, the Trieste way).

The biggest part of the main entrance of the tunnel is easy however gigantic designs and is decorated with several opportunities. Support structures are mainly in the stone, but stone was used for the curves of the viaducts and the tunnel veneer. The houses of the 57-2-storied companions, laid 700 ms of space which is a very typical quality of the Semmering line are built by the rushed remains masonry with the Ziegelzurichten. A little remains from the original stations which were planned more not originally than Sectioning points and watering points, but later was converted into more impressive structures as holiday traffic has increased.

The appearance of the whole line was significant between 1957 and 1959, as accumulating in memory the contact stripe was which are necessary as a result of the conversion for electric railroad engines. Semmering passport itself is known for the ' summers ' architecture of the villas and hotel which were built for a Viennese broad society between Gloggnitz and the town by Schottwien in picturesque positions. It was one of the first artificial Alpine resorts in decades after the opening of the railroad line. This process began for this project, began with the development of Reichenau one of the Rax and brook Payer on the northwest of Gloggnitz as travel areas in first decades of the 19-th century.

Romantic Historizismus influenced the appearance of the villas and hotel built in this area which there is several Gothic history and Renaissance history. The precipitous gable lid rose and fantastic decorated ' Swiss chalet ' also by many master builders. Semmering passport itself was not concerned by the travel development a time after line open in 1854. The southern railroad Company, machine operator of the line in this time, began with the development in 1880 in persisting the court sculptor Franz Schönthaler with the building of the Semmering hotels. However, it was Schönthaler private villa in the south of the hotel that the strongest influence on the architecture along the Semmering. The use of the traditional Alpine wood frame building by his architect, Franz von Neumann, was seized by other sponsors keenly, and the ' Semmering of style ' ruled in in the last part of the 19-th century to put up buildings.

Historical Data

The route of transport of the valley of the Miirz to Viennese depression has been used since the prehistory. At the middle age it was looked as one of few sure Alpine crossings. Transport is possible with beasts of burden and from oxen for pulled car. It was one of the most important international country roads to Venice from the 12-th century. However, the Semmering a lot from his trade had lost in the 15-th century as a result of the opening of the distiller and Radstatter Trauem ways further to the south. In 1728 emperor Karl VI ordered to be improved, in the commercial as well as military street, what an Austria with Miserably as Venice, consequently his name, the ' Trieste way. '. In 1841 the precipitous northern approach was turned, the increase of about 5 permitting. The new accesibility of the area what an artist and poet there, in order the wild nature as well as to enjoy drawing essential business dealings like the industrial revolution in the area.

The first railroad line (pulled horse) of every meaning on the European continent was opened in 1824-32 between Linz and Budweis (Cesk6 Budejovice), and in 1837 saw the installation of the line pulled by railroad engine between village Floris and German Wagram. The line going after the south of the Wiens-Gloggnitz opened in 1841, and the part of Miirzzuschlag to Graz was added in 1844, a gap on the difficult Semmering distance leaving. The line became later southward to Cilli in 1846 an airport in Ljubljana (Ljubljana) in 1849, and, in the end, about difficult karst scenery to Trieste in 1857 enlarged.

The first plan for the crossing of the Sernmering where 1:30 increase, became in 1841, however, not raised followed for technical reasons. The project was in 1842 when Carlo Ghega the main inspector of the southern line, between Vienna and Trieste was appointed. He began with a visit after the UNITED STATES where he studied 39 lines of 2,413 kms. This showed him that the technical problems are quite exceedable in the first plan, and he began to overlook possible ways by the Semmering. Since no reliable maps were available, he had to explain a full examination of the area; in particular the Stampfer'sche Nivellier high brought him to the development the difficult area of new measured instruments, - and Liingenmessinstrument, uses to measure height and distance which was important tools in geodetics.

Work done in different ways, before you dine on one 1846. This, was 1200 ms long with 22 big bridges and viaducts and tunnel, laid just under the passport 42 kms long; although not the lightest way which was workable in the light of the technological restrictions of the day, in particular the lack of strong explosive materials for the tunnel construction mostly. His project plan was completed in 1847, but his work does not start immediately because Ghega was occupied with the building of the line between Cilli and airport in Ljubljana. His project very much which opposition was a tree nurseryman, projects with the essential long time employment against, however, in June, 1848 by the new minister of public works, Andreas. In spite of a storm of the protest, both experts and the press began in August, 1848. The complete trip is divided into fourteen chapters by which was entrusted with every one separate society. At the beginning 1007 men and 414 women were used to increase to more than 20,000 in the advanced work.

The maximum inclination corner 1:25 and the extremely small radius bends calls after a new type of the railroad engine, and four societies this public procurement in 1850. None of the entries was looked as suitable for the mass production, although they correspond to the technical requirements, And thus job union of Wilhelm von Eggerth the best qualities of all these people in a new rotation. The result big success was successful and 26 engines were done immediately. A lot of progress with the result which the transport of passengers and goods on the line could begin on time on the 17th July, 1854 did construction work on the line and the manufacturing of railroad engines and rolling camp.

Source:whc/unesco

Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps In Austria

Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps - Austria

This serial property of 111 small individual sites includes the remains of a prehistoric pile-dwelling (or built house) settlements in and around the Alps built from around 5000 to 500 Bc at the edges of lakes, rivers and wetlands. Excavations, carried out only in some of the sites, was proof that provides insight into the life in prehistory during the Neolithic and Bronze Age in Alpine Europe and the way communities compares to their environment. Fifty-six sites are located in Switzerland. The settlements are a unique group exceptionally well preserved and culturally rich archaeological sites, which is one of the main sources for the study of older agricultural societies in the region.

Wonderful Universal Importance

The series of 111 of the 937 known archaeological pile-home manufacturing companies in six countries around the Alpine and regions of Europe consists of the remains of a prehistoric settlements dating from 5000 to 500 Bc which is under water, lake shores, along rivers or in wetlands. The exceptional preservation of organic materials that are provided by the sites, combined with extensive water archaeological research in many areas of natural science, as archaeobotany and archaeozoology, in the last decades, combined with an excellent detailed observation of the world of early agricultural societies in Europe. The exact details of the agriculture, livestock farming, the development of the metallurgy, over a period of more than four millennia, coincides with one of the most important phases of recent human history: the dawn of the modern societies.

In view of the potential for the exact date of wooden architectural elements by dendrochronology, the sites have exceptional archaeological resources that provide an understanding of whole prehistoric villages and their detailed construction techniques and spatial development over very long periods. They also give information about trade routes for disposable flint lighters, shells, gold, orange, and pottery by the Alps, and in the plains, transport evidence of dugout canoes and wooden wheels, some complete with axles for two wheeled carts from about 3,400BC, one of the earliest preserved in the world, And the oldest textiles in Europe dating from 3000 V. CHR. This cumulative evidence has a unique insight into the national life and settlements of thirty different cultural groups in the Alpine landscape that the stack properties to flourish.

The series of the stack house sites are one of the most important archaeological sources for the study of older agricultural societies in Europe between 5000 and 500 BC. The flooded fields have retained organic material that contributes to an excellent way for our understanding of important changes in the Neolithic and Bronze Age history of Europe in general, and of the interactions between the regions around the Alps in particular. The series of the stack home sites has an extraordinary and detailed insight into the settlement and domestic situation of pre-historic, early agrarian shore communities in the Alpine regions of Europe and almost 5000 years. The revealed archaeological evidence can be a unique insight into the way in which society should relate to their environment, as a result of new technologies, but also the impact of climate change. 

Integrity

The series of prehistoric pile-dwelling sites is the well-defined geographical area within which these sites are to be found in its full extent, as well as all cultural groups in the course of the period during which the stack properties exist. Therefore includes the full cultural context of the archaeological phenomena. The sites selected at have been chosen to be largely intact, as well as the diversity of structures, groups of structures and in certain periods. The series and its limits correspond fully to the characteristics of Outstanding Universal Value. The visual integrity of some sites is to some extent at the expense of their urban environment. Many of the component sites can also be said to be vulnerable to a number of threats, ranging from the use of the lakes, intensification of agriculture, development, etc. Control of the locations is crucial for a good continuation of their integrity.

Authenticity

The physical remains are well preserved and documented. Their archaeological layers, preserved in the ground or under water are authentic in structure, material and substance, without later or modern additions. The remarkable life of organic remains facilitates the highest levels of definition with regard to the use and function of the locations. The very long history of research, cooperation and coordination an unusual degree of understanding and documentation of the sites. But the capabilities of the locations to their value is difficult because they are usually fully hidden underwater world which means that the context in relation to the lake and the river banks is important with regard to the nature of their setting. This context is compromised of a degree at these sites, to survive in highly urbanised environments. Because the sites not be obvious in the in situ, they are interpreted in museums. An overall presentation framework is to be developed, may coordination between museums and an agreed standard of archaeological data to ensure understanding of the value of the total property, and how the individual sites will contribute to the whole.

Protection and management requirements

The series of the stack house sites are legally protected under the legal systems in the various States Parties. There is a need to ensure that the highest level of legal protection available within each of the parties is provided. The common management system integrates all of the member states and competent authorities, including the local communities, in each country, and connects the different national systems to the international management system, through an established International Coordination Group, based on an Administrative Commitment signed by all States Parties. Common visions and objectives are translated into concrete projects at international, national and regional/local level in a custom action plan. Financing is provided by Switzerland for the Secretariat and by the States Parties to the various projects. Proposed actions which may have a significant impact on the heritage of the archaeological areas designated for inscription are limited. There is a need for a consistent application of protective arrangements on the six contracting states to ensure consistency in the approach to the development, in particular in terms of more use, mooring arrangements and private development and cultural heritage impact assessments. In view of the vulnerability of the remains and the press sites in particular in urban areas, there is a need to ensure that adequate financial resources for monitoring.

Source:whc/unesco

Palace and Gardens of Schönbrunn In Austria

Palace and Gardens of Schönbrunn - Austria

From the 18th century until 1918, Schönbrunn was the residence of the Habsburg emperors. It was designed by the architect Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach and Nicolaus Pacassi and is full of excellent examples of decorative art. Together with the gardens, the site of the world's first zoo in 1752, it is a remarkable Baroque ensemble and a perfect example of Gesamtkunstwerk

Wonderful Universal Importance

The site of the Palace and gardens of Schönbrunn is excellent as one of the most impressive and well preserved Baroque ensemble of its kind in Europe. In addition, it is a strong material symbol of the power and influence of the house of Habsburg for a long period in the history of Europe, from the end of the 17th to the beginning of the 20th century. It is impossible to the gardens of the palace, of which they form a organic expansion: this is an excellent example of the concept was staged, a masterful combination of many art forms.

A small hunting lodge and later summer residence of the Habsburg family was rebuilt after total destruction during the last Turkish attack in 1683. During construction, the project has grown to an Imperial summer residence of the court. As such, the ascent and the splendour of the Habsburg Empire. At the height of Habsburg power at the beginning of the 18th century, when imperial Vienna after the Turkish are reflected regained interpretation in spectacular examples of recently developed baroque art, Schönbrunn is one of the most important construction projects of the capital and residence. The large baroque gardens with their buildings (Gloriette, Roman ruins etc. ) and statuary witnesses of the palace of the english sizes and functions. The original intention, when they were built in the 18th century, was for the glorification of the combining of the house of Habsburg with a tribute to the nature. The Orangery on the east side of the main building is located at 186 m, the longest in the world. The Palm House is an impressive iron frame structure, 114 m long and divided into three sections, founded in 1880 with the latest technology developed in the U.K (England).

The Palace and gardens of Schönbrunn particularly well-preserved example of the Baroque Princely residential ensemble, which was staged an excellent example of a masterful combination of many art forms. The Palace and gardens of Schönbrunn are exceptional on the basis of the evidence which they take over a number of centuries of changes that minor illustrate the taste, interests and aspirations of the successive Habsburg monarchs.

Integrity (2010)

With the exception of a few small changes which dates back to the 19th century, the house has all the elements of the Palace and gardens of Schönbrunn. The property is of such a size offers a full representation of Imperial Palace features. None of the features within the property are threatened. But the visual integrity of the property is vulnerable to highrise developments in Vienna.

Authenticity (2010)

The original building has been extended and amended since it was built, in order to meet the tastes and requirements of successive imperial rulers. There are no major changes in the structures itself because the work on the gables in job of Franz I at the beginning of the 19th century. The decor and furnishings of the Imperial apartments, the theater, the chapel, and other important parts are completely authentic. The structure of the baroque park layout is also virtually untouched and traditional 18th century techniques are still in use for trimming are trees and shrubs. Schönbrunn was if it were frozen in time in 1918 it was the property of the Republic of Austria. Since that time, the form in which they were kept in 1918 is true, both in the original substance, decoration and in the recovery after war damage. The complex of the Royal Palace and park can be considered as an excellent example of Was Staged because of the way in which it has maintained the originality of the architecture, the design and the design of the Palace and the spatial and visual relationship between the buildings on the park.

Wide Report

Schönbrunn is of outstanding universal value as a particularly well-preserved example of the Baroque princely residential ensemble. Furthermore, the palace and gardens are exceptional by virtue of the evidence that they preserve of modifications over several centuries that vividly illustrate the tastes, interests and aspirations of successive Habsburg monarchs.

From the 16th century, the Schönbrunn Palace was the site of a former hunting lodge, summer residence of the Habsburg family. After total destruction during the last Turkish attack in 1683 the palace was rebuilt in 1695. The emperor, Leopold I, originally commissioned a chateau de plaisance for grand duke Joseph, the heir to the throne, But dynastic developments during the construction are necessary function to that of an imperial summer residence, and therefore the size to be increased. He remained in that office until the end of the austrian-hungarian Empire. Apart from a few small 19th-century additions, the palace and the gardens were given their entry in the 18th century. The architectural ensemble contains valuable 18th-century interiors. The former apartments of Emperor Franz Joseph in the west wing were adjusted in the 19th century with furniture that also of historical interest.

Schönbrunn was designed by the architect Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach and Nicolaus Pacassi and is full of excellent examples of decorative art together with the gardens, the site of the world's first zoo in 1752, it has been a remarkable Baroque ensemble and a perfect example of Gesamtkunstwerk. The largest part of the palace in its current form is largely the work of Pacassi, although the conservation Fischer von Erlach general structure. Access to the piano nobile from the courtyard through a monumental stairway to the impressive Large gallery, which ornately decorated with stucco ornaments and ceiling frescoes symbolise the Habsburg empire.

Behind the hotel is the Small Gallery, which is flanked by two small rooms, the Chinese Round Room and the Chinese Oval Room, both decorated with black and gold spray paint panels and decorated with Japanese ceramics and wood. The Carousel Room adjacent to the great Gallery is the anteroom to the ceremonial hall, remarkable for its series of monumental paintings with events in the long reign of Maria Theresa. Among the most impressive of the rooms in the east wing is the lush Vieux-Laque Room, With its precious oriental paint panels set in walnut panelling surrounded by gilded stucco and extremely ornate furniture; the Napoleon room is decorated with a huge Brussels tapestries; the porcelain is a small space in which the decorative finished wainscoting is painted in blue and white, and decorated with 213 drawings of Franz Stephan and his children. The rooms in the West Wing are Iess richly decorated and were used for household use by members of the imperial family.

The vast baroque gardens and their buildings testify to the uk sizes and functions of the palace; the courtyard gives access to the Palace Chapel and the Palace Theater. The orangery on the east side of the main building is the longest in the world. Built in the middle of the 18th century it was used not only for Maria Theresa's passion, that cultivation of exotic plants, but also for festive events and performances. The Palm House is an impressive iron frame structure and divided into three sections, built in 1880 using the technology developed in the UK. The Schoenbrunn zoo founded by Franz Stephan of Lorraine, husband of the Empress Maria Theresa, in 1752 and the oldest in the world, is on the grounds.

Historical Data

The Katterburg estate, the place of the current Schonbrunn palace, was sold in the mid 16th century in the Klosterneuburg monastery to Emperor Maximilian II, developed as a hunting lodge and installed a menagerie. The buildings were badly damaged in Vienna was dismissed by the Hungarians in 1605; it was only from 1622 that they were restored by the Emperor Ferdinand II. After his death in 1637 has become the Katterburg Anglican Cathedral of St. Paul, the estate of his widow, Eleanora of Gonzaga. The name was changed to Sch6nbrunn (nice spring) in 1642, when a new three-storey chateau de plaisance was built next to the older building.

In 1683 Vienna was besieged by the Turks, who were finally being crushed, but not before they had caused great destruction in the surroundings of the city, including Sch6nbrunn. During the reconstruction after the siege, Emperor Leopold I job to the construction of the Italian-trained architect Johann Bernard Fischer von Erlach to the design of a new building as a residence for his heir, grand duke Joseph. His first draft is now thought to have been prepared simply to demonstrate its capabilities. In doing so, it has been a great success: its design was very admired and many other commissions.

The marriage of Leopold in 1699 caused the second to be adapted, because of a larger state. The construction began in 1696 and Erlach Fischervon personally supervised the work. The central part is complete and habitable by 1700, but further work was brought to an end by the outbreak of the war of the Spanish Succession in 1701 and then by the sudden death of the Emperor Joseph I in 1711. The unfinished building was the residence of the Anglican Cathedral of St. Paul, Empress Amalia Wilhelmine.

When they have acceded to the Imperial throne in 1740, Maria Theresia Schonbrunn chosen as fixed residence, and began a new phase in the life of the palace. Urgent repairs were carried out on the dilapidated buildings in 1742-43, followed by major structural changes, which were carried out in three phases: 1743-49, 1753- 63 and 1764-80. Most of the work in the first two phases was carried out on the design and under the supervision of the architect Nicolaus Pacassi, which had to be, such as Fischer von Erlach, the Imperial and Royal court architect. The largest project of the third phase was the motto of the gardens (the Gloriette, the Neptune Fountain, the 'Roman ruins', the Obelisk * gt; , largely the work of Johann Ferdinand Wien-hetzendorf von Hohenberg.

Maria Theresia's immediate successors uoseph II and Leopold II) showed little interest in Schonbrunn Palace, but it was the summer residence of Franz I (1792-1835), and Franz Joseph (1848-1916) spent much of his life. The latter was responsible for the restoration of the old ROCOCO decor and some other changes. The palace of the architectural history came to an end in 1870 and there are no major changes since that time.

Source:whc/unesco

Historic Centre of Vienna In Austria

Historic Centre of Vienna - Austria

Vienna developed from the early Celtic and Roman settlements in a medieval and baroque city, the capital of the Habsburg Empire. They play a key role as a leading European music center, from the era of the Viennese Classicism by the first part of the 20th century. The historic center of Vienna is rich in architectural ensemble, including baroque castles and gardens, as well as the late-19th-century Ringstrasse lined with large buildings, monuments and parks.

Wide Report

The urban and architectural qualities of the historic center of Vienna bear witness yet an ongoing exchange of values in the 2nd millennium AD. Three important periods of the European cultural and political development - the Middle Ages, the baroque and the Gründerzeit - are particularly well illustrated by the urban and architectural heritage of Vienna. The complex consists of the medieval core (based on the Roman settlement), the main Baroque ensemble with their axs, and the Gründerzeit constructions from the beginning of the modern era. The city of Vienna is located on the Danube River in the eastern part of Austria. The old Roman military camp, traces of which are still visible in the medieval urban structure of the current Vienna, was located in a plain, west of the old branch of the Danube.

Beginning in the 12th century, the scheme should be extended outside the Roman fortifications, which were scrapped. The medieval city walls surrounded a much larger area; they were rebuilt during the Ottoman conflicts in the 16th and 17th century and bastions. This remained the core of Vienna to the walls were demolished in the second half of the 19th century. This town contains a number of medieval historic buildings, including the Schottenkloster, the oldest monastery in Austria, the churches of Maria am Strand (one of the most important Gothic structures), Michaelerkirche, Minoritenkirche and Minoritenkloster, from the 13th century. St Stephen's Cathedral dating from the 14th and 15th century. The period was also the construction of civic ensembles, such as first parts of the Hofburg. Whereas a monastic complexes were generally built from stone, as part of the fortifications of the medieval city, the residential area were of wood and suffering frequent forest fires.

In 1683 Vienna developed rapidly as the capital of the Austro-hungarian Empire, an impressive baroque city. The baroque nature was reflected in particular in the large palace layouts built under Emperor Charles VI (1711-40) and Maria Theresa (1740-80), such as the Belvedere Palace and garden ensemble. A growing number of new palaces were built by noble families. Many existing medieval buildings, churches and monasteries are amended and baroque elements and additions were representative administrative buildings. Several historic buildings are now associated with the major Viennese residence of personalities, such as Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert and others, when the city an important role as a leading European music center, from the era of the Viennese Classicism by the first part of the 20th century.

A new phase in the history of Vienna took place at the 34 suburbs were included with the city, and the emperor ordered the demolition of the fortifications around the city. This opportunity was taken to one of the most important 19th-century ensemble in the history of cities, which strongly influenced by the rest of Europe in this crucial period of social and economic development. In 1874 the Hofburg complex was extended with the Neue Hofburg, a 'roman forum', together with large museum complexes in one ensemble. The burgtheater, the parliament, the city hall and the university formed another ensemble associated with this. This was supplemented by the opera, as well as a large number of public and private buildings in the Ringstrasse, the line of the broken walls. The late 19th and early 20th century witnesses of more creative contributions of Viennese designers, artists and architects in the period of Art Nouveau, separation and the early painting of the 20th century architecture.

Historical Data

Antiquity and early middle ages (up to 11th century):

Archaeological evidence has shown that the site of Vienna was a Celtic settlement when the Romans extended their control over the Danube region in the 1st century CE, construction of the castellum of Vindobona on the edge of the river and to stay here to 488. The meandering River Danube was the limes of the Roman Empire, the border with Germania libera, later affect urban development to modern times. The High German name Wenia was first mentioned in 881, during the battle between the Germans and Magyars.

High and late middle ages (12th to 15th century):

Vienna started interpretation obtained in the late 12th and 13th century, one of the largest cities of the German Reich, next to Cologne. Different a monastic complexes were built, including the Minoritenkirche, as well as the construction of the ducal residence, the current Hofburg, Taken over by the Habsburgs in 1276. In the 14th and 15th century the city prospered in trade, and the first German university was founded in 1365. The church of St Stephen was made for an independent diocese in 1469 and an archbishopric in 1718. The Jewish community here since the 12th century was destroyed in 1420-21.

Gap and the Turkish siege ( 16th century to 1683):

In the 16th century Europe was in conflict with the Ottoman Empire, which most of Hungary. Vienna was a frontier fortress, surrounded first in 1529, and trade fall. In 1533 Ferdinand I transferred to Vienna, making it the capital of the Holy Roman Empire, which lasted until 1806, with an open circuit from 1583 to 1612. In 1683 Vienna with success against the Ottoman army, a victory that Hungary under Habsburg rule.

Baroque metropolis (1683 to the French Revolution):

The change in the political situation after 1683 also showed significant changes in the city of Vienna, the start of an important phase. An increase of the population led to the construction of suburban areas, which were protected by their own fortifications, the Linienwall. Baroque palaces were designed for the center of the city by the leading architects of the time, including J. B. Fischer von Erlach and L. von Unkel-te Kaat, resulting in the construction of the palaces of Schönbrunn and Belvedere, the enlargement of the Hofburg, and a large number of ecclesiastical and civil ensemble. Vienna was the European capital of music as a result of the genius of Haydn and Mozart. After the defeat of Napoleon was the location of the Congress of Vienna (1814 - 15), which resulted in the political continuation of absolutism must (Vormärz, i.e. before March 1848).  Simultaneously, the petite bourgeoisie continued interest for art, furniture (Biedermeier), painting, and especially music (Beethoven, Schubert).

The era of French Joseph I (1848-1916):

At the end of 1848, the young Emperor Francis Joseph I have been on the throne of the austrian-hungarian Empire. The desire for a democratic government remained a dream, although constitutional government was restored in 1860. The walls were expelled in 1857 and ground with a view to the establishment of the Ringstrasse, a beautiful example of 19th century urban planning. With the new ambitions of the haute bourgeoisie, the new Ringstrasse was a large construction site for an impressive number of large buildings, such as theaters, museums, universities and large private construction, characterized as the Gründerzeit, the constructors' period. There was also an important development in the field of culture, including composers: Bruckner, Brahms, Wolf, Mahler, Schönberg, architects and painters such as O. Wagner, A. Loos, G. Klimt, and O. Kokoschka, as well as philosophers, including L. Wittgenstein.

Period since the World War I:  

With the death of the Emperor in 1916 the Empire came to an end and Austria was declared a democratic republic in 1918. Between the two World Wars, Vienna's leading architects involved in subsidized housing which came to dominate the nature of some Viennese districts. The Second World War caused great damage to the city and the reconstruction took in 1960. Simultaneously, a new approach to conservation has developed, and the old town is legally protected in 1972. In 1945 Vienna status as a federal province (country) and the capital city of Austria.

Source:whc/unesco

Historic Centre of the City of Salzburg In Austria

Historic Centre of the City of Salzburg - Austria

Salzburg has preserved an extremely rich urban structure, developed in the period from the Middle Ages to the 19th century when it was a city-state ruled by a prince-archbishop. Its flamboyant gothic art attracted many artists and craftsmen for the city became even better known by the work of the Italian architect Vincenzo Scamozzi and Santini Solari, to whom the city center of Salzburg owes much of its Baroque appearance. This meeting point of northern and southern Europe, perhaps caused the genius of Salzburg's most famous son, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, whose name is connected with the city.

Wonderful Universal Importance

Salzburg is an excellent example of a ecclesiastical hailing, which are inherent in the Holy Roman Empire, of Prussia to Italy. Most of the disappeared as a political and administrative units in the beginning of the 19th century and has alternative routes in development. No other example of this type of political organism has survived as fully, with conservation of the urban structure and individual buildings which a remarkable degree as Salzburg. Salzburg is the point where the Italian and German cultures met and has played a crucial role in the exchange between these two cultures. The result is a Baroque city that has arisen from the history intact, and an exceptional tangible evidence of a certain culture and period. The city center of Salzburg owes much of its Baroque appearance of the Italian architect Vincenzo Scamozzi and Santino Solari.

The Salzburg skyline, against a backdrop of mountains is characterized by an abundance of towers and domes, which is dominated by the fortress HohenSalzburg. It contains a large number of buildings, both secular and ecclesiastical, of very high quality from periods ranging from the late Middle Ages to the 20th century. There is a clear separation, visible on the ground and on the map, between the estates of the Prince-Archbishops and that of the bourgeoisie. The former is characterized by its monumental buildings - the Cathedral, the place of residence, the Franciscan Abbey the Abbey of St Peter - and the open spaces, the Domplatz in particular. The burghers' houses, on the other hand, are in small plots and on narrow streets, with the only open spaces by the three historic markets. Salzburg is rich in buildings from the Gothic period, combined with a cityscape and urban fabric of great individuality and beauty. Salzburg is also closely linked with many important artists and musicians, studies among them Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

Salzburg has played a crucial role in the exchange between Italian and German cultures, resulting in a flowering of the two cultures and long-term exchanges between these countries. Salzburg is an exceptionally important example of a European ecclesiastical hailing, with a remarkable number of high quality buildings, both secular and ecclesiastical, from periods ranging from the late Middle Ages to the 20th century. Salzburg is remarkable for the associations with the arts, and in particular with music, in the person of his famous son Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

Integrity

The historic center of Salzburg contains all important elements that the ecclesiastical hailing. The coherence is vulnerable to the adverse effects of new developments in the buffer zone and setting

Authenticity

The center of Salzburg has its historic townscape and pattern to a high degree. Against the background of the surrounding hills, the architectural monuments such as the Cathedral and the Abbey Nonnberg retained their dominant role on the skyline.  

Wide Report

Salzburg is of exceptional universal value as an important example of a European ecclesiastical hailing that preserves to a remarkable degree its dramatic townscape, historically important urban structure, and a large number of excellent ecclesiastical and secular buildings from various centuries. It is preserved a very rich urban structure, developed from the Middle Ages to the 19th century when it was a city-state ruled by a prince-archbishop. Its flamboyant gothic art attracted many artists and craftsmen for the city became even better known by the work of the Italian architect Vincenzo Scamozzi and Santini Solari, to whom the city center of Salzburg owes much of its Baroque appearance.

The skyline of the city, against a backdrop of mountains, is characterized by an abundance of towers and domes, which is dominated by the fortress Hohensalzburg. There is a clear separation, visible on the ground and on the map, between the estates of the Prince-Archbishops and that of the bourgeoisie - the former characterized by monumental buildings and open spaces, the last on small plots apartment block on narrow streets, with the only open spaces by the three historic markets.

Salzburg is rich in buildings from the Gothic period, combined with a cityscape and urban fabric of great individuality and beauty. The cathedral (St Rupert and St Virgil) is the pre-eminent ecclesiastical building and the spiritual center. Archaeological excavations during the reconstruction after heavy bomb in the Second World War, there appeared to be many of the predecessors of the present building, back to its foundation in the 8th century as a three-aisled basilica. The second church, in the same form, but much larger, was built in 1181, but this was almost destroyed by fire in 1598, to be replaced by the current structure. The original plan was the work of Vincenzo Scamozzi, a pupil of Andrea Palladio; the current building, the work of Santini Solari, the court master builder, jams much of Scamozzi's features.

The Benedictine Abbey of St Peter, founded in the last years of the 7th century, contains in its church the only High Romanesque structure in Salzburg, often dating back to the early 12th century. The main part of the church has various changes since the 12th century. Of special importance are the cemetery and catacombs of the abbey. The Nonnberg Benedictine nunnery is the oldest monastery in the north of the Alps, founded around the same time as the Abbey of St Peter. This huge complex, on the eastern summit of the Mönchberg, is a striking feature of the village, with a dominant church roof and Baroque dome.

The Hohensalzburg Fortress, a Roman structure on this steep rock fan overlooks the city, was replaced by a wooden fortress in the Middle Ages. The first stone building dating back to the early 12th century, and this is extended with towers, bastions and outer wards in the 15th century. Large-scale rebuilding and extension work were at the beginning of the 16th century, and remained until the late 17th century. The creation of the archbishop's Residence, which began in the early 12th century, is located in the heart of the old town. The current layout data for the major refurbishment carried out by Archbishop Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau in the first years of the 17th century. The buildings are grouped around two courtyards. In addition to the architectural heritage Salzburg is particularly noteworthy for the associations with the arts, and in particular with music in the person of his famous son Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

Historical Data

No doubt because of the location on the narrowest point of the Salzach valley and shelter for between mountain ridges, Salzburg was the site of a major prehistoric settlement and was the obvious choice for a Roman settlement municipium, either Claudium Juvavum , on the intersection of three important Roman roads.  As a secular counterweight a ducaI palace was built between the ecclesiastical district and the river. The early medieval development of the city was in the area between the palace and the river. Churches then proliferated and academics were attracted to the town.

Two important events took place at the end of the 10th century. The abbacy and archbishopric was divided into 987 and 996 the civil city was the right to levy tolls and markets. In 1077 Archbishop Gebhard built fortress Hohensalzburg Fortress, as a symbol of his power. The city continued to grow, spreading along a north-west street parallel to the river. Solid stone walls were built in the 1120s, to replace the old wooden Palisades. The growing city was destroyed by fire in 1167 and a major reconstruction of the cathedral took place. Later medieval fire led the citizens to replace their wooden houses with large stone buildings of the burgher hall at Inn-Salzach type. With the advent of the Gothic period 1300 church and outdo Owners see their city. The late-Gothic art of Salzburg acquired fame that went much further than the town itself, and many famous artists lived and worked there in the 15th and 16th century.

Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau, who was appointed Archbishop in 1587, converted the whole city, point the hurt pride of the residence and the cathedral, with its structures. Salzburg escaped the devastating consequences of the Thirty Years War in the first half of the last century, partly because of the new defenses added by Archbishop Paris Lodron, partly because of the archbishop's Smart policy of neutrality. He was responsible for the foundation of the university in 1622. In this period of prosperity the bourgeoisie copied the style of the Royal buildings in the drastic refurbishment of their houses. The townscape was improved in the last years of the 17th century with the arrival of the baroque style, used for a number of notable buildings and a series of monumental fountains that grace the squares of Salzburg. This period also saw a flowering of the city as a cultural center of the lighting. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in Salzburg in 1756 and lived there until expelled by the Archbishop of the time, Number Of Hieronvmus Colloredo.

Ecclesiastical line terminated with the Napoleonic Wars in 1803 and was a voter, Berchtesgaden, Passau and Eichstatt; the first ruler was Ferdinand sick of Tuscany, driven from his own Grand Duchy. The war was disastrous for the economy of Salzburg, which has for decades been to restore. It was only when the railway was built between Salzburg and Linz, extending to Munich, which began to improve, with the arrival of investors from Bavaria as well as elsewhere in Austria. There was a renewed increase in activities in a building that is still in this century, culminating in the buildings of the Festspielhaus. Salzburg had of aerial bombing in the Second World War. The post-war reconstruction was accompanied by enlargement and a number of leading works of contemporary architecture were added to the city's rich supply of many periods.

Source:whc/unesco

Hallstatt-Dachstein / Salzkammergut Cultural Landscape in Austria

Hallstatt-Dachstein / Salzkammergut Cultural Landscape in Austria

Short Report

Human activities in the beautiful landscape of the Salzkammergut region began in the prehistoric times, with the salt deposits are exploited as already in the 2nd millennium BC. These sources formed the basis of the prosperity in the middle of the 20th century, a prosperity that is reflected in the architecture of the city Hallstatt.

Wonderful Universal Importance

The Hallstatt-Dachstein alpine landscape, part of the Salzkammergut, and therefore of the Eastern Alps, is a visual drama with huge mountains suddenly rising form narrow valleys. Its prosperity since middle ages is based on salt mining, focused on the city Hallstatt, a name meaning salt solution that reflects its primary function. Systematic salt production was carried out in the region in the Middle Bronze Age (late 2nd millennium V. CHR. ), AS natural brine is captured in vessels and evaporates. Underground mining for salt began at the end of the late Bronze Age and resumed in the 8th century BC as archaeological evidence shows a thriving, laminated and very organized Iron Age society with wide commercial relations between Europe and now known as the Hallstatt Culture. Salt extraction continued in the Roman time and was then in the 14th century. The large amounts of wood which are necessary for the mines and for evaporation salt where extracted from the extensive upland forests, which, since the 16th century were controlled and managed by the Austrian Crown. The town of Hallstatt was re-built in late baroque style after a fire in 1750 destroyed the wooden buildings.

The beauty of the alpine landscape, with its higher meadows are used for summer grazing of sheep and cattle since prehistoric times as part of the process of transhumance, which today the valley communities rights of access to specific mountain pastures, was 'discovered' in the beginning of the 19th century by writers, such as Adalbert Stifler, Novelist, The landscape is exceptional as a complex of great scientific interest and immense natural power that has played an important role in the history of man to be reflected in the impact of farmer-miners more than three thousand years old. The way in which mining has the establishment of the mountain and by the artists and writers who are transported harmony and beauty.

Man has the inhabited valleys between mountains more than three thousand years. The extraction and processing of salt, a natural resource essential to human and animal life, this field has its prosperity and individuality, as a result of extensive cooperation between intensive human activity in the middle of a largely untamed landscape. The Hallstatt-Dachstein / Salzkammergut alpine region is an excellent example of a natural landscape of great beauty and scientific interest which also contains evidence of fundamental human economic activity. The cultural landscape of the region has a continual evolution of 2500 years. The history from the very beginning is linked primarily to the economic history of salt extraction. Salt extraction is always determined all aspects of life, as well as the architectural and artistic material evidence. Salt production on a large scale can be traced in Hallstatt on the Middle Bronze Age.

Integrity 

The property appropriate reserves all elements related to proof of salt mining and processing, associated timber production, transhumance and milk, and it still has the harmony withdrew the 19th-century artists and writers.

Authenticity 

Because of the special historical development, this cultural landscape has retained a certain degree of authenticity in nature and society which is excellent in the alpine region. As a result of a harmonious interaction between man and the environment is preserved spatial and physical structure to an exceptionally high level. This quality and context is further confirmed by a large number of visiting artists whose many cloths and comments extra adorns its value.

Wide Report

The Hallstatt-Dachstein / Salzkammergut alpine region is an excellent example of a landscape of great beauty. It also has great scientific interest because it contains evidence a fundamental human economic activity, the production of salt. Human activities in the beautiful landscape of the Salzkammergut region began in the prehistoric times, with the salt deposits are exploited as already in the 2nd millennium BC. The name of the medieval city, derived from the West German hall (salt) and the old German stat (settlement), first mentioned in an act of 1305, is testimony to its primary function. These sources formed the basis of the prosperity to the middle of the 20th century, a prosperity that is reflected in the architecture of the town Hallstatt.

The town grew along the narrow strip of land between the steep hill of the Salzberg and lake, and the Mühlbach, an artificial cape in the more as a result of the dumping of mining debris through the centuries. Here in the inner marketplace houses, largely late gothic, ranged around a triangular market square. The typical Hallstatt house is long and narrow, the best use of the limited space and the steep topography. The lower floors are built in natural stone with a barrel support vaulting supporting wooden upper floors, as is usual in the Alpine region. Only a few retain the original flat gable roof covered with wooden boards or shingles. The southern part of the city, called In der Lahn, situated at the mouth of the Echterntal, is largely 18th-century date, many built after the 1750 fire.

Among the more notable buildings are the St Mary's Roman Catholic parish church built in the late 15th century in replacement of an older Romanesque structure that survive. Ago have only minor damage during the 1750 fire are only Baroque characteristics are the roof and the multi-tiered spire. It still contains a number of works, including a late gothic altarpiece of the Astl workshop. The small St. -Michael Chapel and Charnel House is a Gothic building in the small cemetery immediately north of the parish church. The basement, visible on the ground level, contains a beautiful collection human skulls and bones, the skulIs is marked with names and other details of the deceased.

The property also features the Dachstein Mountains, rising to approximately 3000 m, the highest of the karst massifs in the northern limestone Alps. They are characterized by the large number of caves which they contain, the longest the Hillatzhöhle (81 km). Each cave speleologically is different, but the fact that they enjoy internal management proposes a range of information and experience available in a coherent program of conservation, accessibility and interpretation. The Dachstein-Rieseneishöhle is the most impressive ice cave in Austria. Some parts of the mines are now accessible for visitors, including in areas safe for displays resulting from the continuing program of archaeological investigation. The Dachstein Massif is exceptionally under Alpine karstic system areas for the ice age. The landscape takes eight different forms: each of these zones has its own climate and therefore a characteristic flora and fauna.

Historical Data

Recent research has shown that deep in the Salzberg systematic salt production was carried out in the region in the Middle Bronze Age (later 2ND millennium V. CHR. ).  Natural brine is laid down in deep basins and vaporised in special ceramic vessels. Of great importance in the history of salt extraction, this development is of great importance in the history of the Iron Age Hallstatt Culture and to the importance of the area as a 'reservoir' for further scientific research and more understanding. Underground mining for salt began at the end of the Late Bronze Age, with a shaft technique taken from copper mining. This production was stopped for a relatively short time, possibly because political events causes a break in the trade. The weather in the 8th century BC, this time using a system of drift mining with horizontal galleries. Proof of both techniques is found in the Salzbergtal.

The prehistoric cemetery associated with the industrial activities, discovered in the 1840s, is the site for the first phase of the early iron age in Europe known as archaeologists as the Hallstatt Culture. It was in use in two periods: the 8th and 7th century BC and again in the 6th century BC. The rich large goods, both local and imported luxury materials, witnesses of a stratified and very well organised society, trade widely in eastern Europe, the Baltic and the Adriatic Sea.

Salt extraction continued in the region well in the Roman period, and a Roman industrial settlement discovered in the Echterntal. Afterwards, there is no evidence of the salt is being abused in the early 14th century. However, the name of the medieval city, derived from the West German hall (salt) and the Old High German stat (settlement), first mentioned in an act of 1305, is testimony to its primary function. Title to the salt mines of Trauenkirchen monastery to the Austrian Crown, and the town received to keep the markets.  

Salt production requires large amounts of wood, thought the mines and fuel for evaporation and therefore forestry operations were also controlled by the Crown officials. Until the beginning of the 16th century salt-mining licenses were usually leased to independent bourgeoisie, but these were systematically eliminated in 1524 and mining and forestry Crown came under direct management. This resulted in the construction of a number of important technical characteristics, such as the wooden brine pipeline began in 1595. During the Reformation, protestantism acquired many followers under the min ers and foresters of the Hallstatt region, but they are not allowed in the exercise of their faith publicly to the toleration edict of 1781.

A disastrous band in 1750 destroyed most of the medieval heart of Hallstatt. This was followed by massive building in Late baroque style, which distinguish between the city center up to the present day. There was a tree in salt production at the beginning of the 19th century, for the financing of the war against France, but the return of peace saw an abrupt collapse. Despite technical innovations, such as the introduction of electrical energy and the construction of a rail link, which imports of coal (1877), The salt pans finally closed in 1965. However, salt production remains high despite the brine is now discharged to the valley to a modern plant in Ebersee; only sorne sixty men are employed in a very efficient mining operations which is characterised by strong mechanised and computerised databases. Sorne parts of the mines are now accessible for visitors, including the areas safe for displays resulting from the continuing program of archaeological research.

However, the decline of the industrial basis coincided with the emergence of a new factor, the recognition of the aesthetic, cultural and natural qualities of the area by writers such as Adalbert Stifter, novelist and barrel conservator of Upper Austria, the dramatic poet Franz Grillparzer, And most of the leading painters of the Biedermeier-school. The first hotel on the growing number of tourists is built in 1855, followed by the first public brine baths in the 1860s. Since that time the area has steadily increased its popularity as a major tourist attraction.

Source:whc/unesco

Fertö / Neusiedlersee Cultural Landscape - Austria

Fertö / Neusiedlersee Cultural Landscape - Austria

Short Report

The Neusiedler See / Lake Neusiedler area is the meeting point of different cultures for eight millennia. This is graphically demonstrated by its varied landscape, the result of an evolutionary symbiosis between human activity and the physical environment. The remarkable rural architecture of the villages around the lake, and some 18th- and 19th-century palaces contributes to the great cultural interest.

Wonderful Universal Importance

Fertő/Neusiedlersee Cultural Landscape contains the most western steppe lake in Eurasia. This is an area of outstanding natural values and landscape diversity created and maintained by the recording of different landscapes. It is located in the cross-section of different geographical flora and fauna both areas such as wetlands, and is characterised by sub-Alpine mountains, sub-Mediterranean hills, alkaline lakes from drying out from time to time, salinization, reeds, and the coastline plains. This area is a valuable biosphere reserve and gene bank, is home to a rich diversity of flora and fauna and is shaped harmoniously for eight millennia by various human groups and ethnically diverse population. The current character of the landscape is the result of many millennia-old spatial forms based on stock raising and vineyards in a degree not by other European more areas. This interaction is also reflected in the ancient continuity of the urban and architectural traditions and the variety of traditional applications of the country and the more. The Neusiedler See/Neusiedlersee Lake is surrounded by a ring of sixteen settlements and an outer ring of twenty other settlements.

Two large periods are detected: from around 6000 V. CHR to the creation of the Hungarian state in the 11th century after Christ, and from the 11th century to the present. From the 7th century BC the shore is densely populated by people of the early iron age Hallstatt culture and by late prehistoric and Roman time' cultures. In the area of almost every village around the lake you will find remains of Roman villas. The basis of the current network of towns and villages in the 12th and 13th century, their markets prosper from 1277 and beyond. The mid 13th century of Tatar invasion left this area unharmed, and which they continuous development in medieval times to the Turkish conquest in the late 16th century. The economic base in the export of animals and wine. The historical center of the medieval town free of rust in particular flowering of wine. Rust is an excellent example of a traditional human settlement are representative for the area. The city is the special building of a society and culture within which the life of wealthy city dwellers and farmers are a single unit. Its refortification in the beginning of the 16th century marked the beginning of a phase of construction in the area, first with fortifications and then, during the 17 to 19th century, with the construction and adaptation of houses. The remarkable rural architecture of the villages around the lake and several 18th-and 19th-century palaces add to the great cultural interest. The palace of the township of of Fertörákos, Nagycenk, the Fertöd Palace, the Széchenyi-Paleis and the Fertöd Esterházy Palace also exceptional cultural testimonies.

Despite the fact the fact that this is a cross-border property, situated on the territory of two member states, Austria, and Hungary, it has a socio-economic and cultural unit for centuries, which is excellent in terms of its rich archaeological heritage created by successive civilisations, The rich supply of historical monuments that ethnic diversity, and the elements of the extensive ethnographic, geological and mining heritage.

Integrity

The inscribed with Koranic verses house, situated on the austrian-hungarian border is not only characterized by diversity but also maintained, in terms of both natural and cultural aspects, the countryside, the socio-economic and cultural functions, as well as the spatial forms, the various ancient continuity of the wine-growing and livestock. And the rich characteristics of settlement architecture and structure with regard to land use planning. The integrity of the property is on the basis of geological, hydrological, geo-morphological, climatic, environmental, and regional and cultural characteristics.

The landscape of the Fertő/Neusiedlersee has favorable natural and climatic conditions, which have ensured that is suitable for agricultural cultivation and breeding for thousands of years. The water, the reed-beds, the salty areas, alkaline lakes and their remains, The row hills drive the lake from the west with forests and vineyards at the top, representative not only of course-geographical component, but also hundreds of years the same use of the grounds and the lake, which the area a unique example of the human life in harmony with nature. Under the world's saline lakes, the Fertő/Neusiedlersee area is unique in terms of the organic, old, diverse and still live human-ecological relationship typing lake and society. The characteristic human and artificial elements of the cultural landscape include the traditional, partly rural architectural character of the settlements around the lake, the settlements' structure, the unit of the homogeneous controlled buildings on streets and squares, and various 18th and 19th century palaces in their landscape. The ancient vineyards, wine-growing and reed management contribute to the continuity of the use of land, as well as the continuous use of traditional building materials.

Much of the value of the field is located in the actual unchangeable qualities of the way of life, the preservation of common architecture and landscape based on a traditional and sustainable exploitation of a limited number of resources. Although tourism is both a change and a catalytic converter, which development and the introduction of the intrusive modern construction will have to be addressed. The preservation of these characteristics and conditions of integrity will lead to the development and implementation of policies and zoning regulations to ensure that new developments do not open terrain and that respect for the form and extent of traditional buildings.

Authenticity

The total landscape and the size, as well as the internal structure and rural architecture of the towns and villages witnesses of an agricultural land and way of life continuously since the middle ages. The arrangement pattern and the occupation of different contemporary village sites date Roman times and earlier. Buildings, walls and vistas are preserved in many places as well as the ratio of built-in areas. Authenticity is also supported by the continuation of the use of local building materials (limestone, reeds, wood). A varied ownership pattern is illustrated by the remarkable rural architecture of the very small villages and by the Fertőd Esterhazy and of Fertörákos, Nagycenk Széchenyi Palaces, excellent examples of the landed aristocracy the architecture from the 18th and 19th century. The limestone Leitha, found in the neighborhood and mined from the Roman period to the middle of the 20th century, the stone to Sopron and Vienna, as well as to the local settlements.

Wide Report

The Fertö-Neusiedler Lake and its surroundings are an excellent example of a traditional human settlement and land use representative of a culture. The current character of the landscape is the result of many millennia-old spatial forms based on stockraising and viticulture to an extent not by other European more areas. The historical center of the medieval town of Rust free is an excellent example of a traditional human settlement are representative of the area. The city is the special building of a society and culture within which the life of wealthy city dwellers and farmers a united whole. The Fertö-Neusiedler More is the meeting point of different cultures for eight millennia, and this is shown by the varied landscape, the result of an evolutionary and symbiotic process of human interaction with the physical environment. The lake is located between the Alps, 70 km away, and the lowlands in the territory of two member states, Austria, and Hungary. The lake itself is in an advanced stage of sedimentation, with extensive reed. The already exists 500 years in an active water management system. In the 19th century, canalization of Hanság tighten the more from its freshwater swamp. 1912 Completion of a circular dam ends in Hegykö in the south there is no flooding.

Two large periods are detected: from around 6000 V. CHR to the creation of the Hungarian state in the 11th century AD, and from the 11th century to the present. The World Heritage Site is located in an area that Hungarian territory from the 10th century to the First World War.  The basis of the current network of towns and villages in the 12th and 13th century, their markets prosper from 1277, when they were relieved of many tax rights.

The mid 13th century of Tatar invasion left this area unharmed, and which they continuous development in medieval times to the Turkish conquest in the late 16th century. The economic base in the export of animals and wine. Peace in particular flourished in the wine trade. Its refortification in the beginning of the 16th century as a reaction to the then emerging Ottoman threat marked the beginning of a phase of construction in the area, first with fortifications and then, during the 17 to 19th century, with the construction and adaptation of houses. The remarkable rural architecture of the villages around the lake and several 18th-and 19th-century palaces add to the great cultural interest. The palace of the township of of Fertörákos, Nagycenk and Fertöd Palace are included in detached areas of the core zone outside the buffer zone. Széchenyi Palaces , on the south side of the lake, is a detached ensemble of buildings in the center of a large park, originally built in the middle of the 18th century on the site of a former mansion. It acquired a number of its current form and by around 1800. The Baroque palace garden was originally dating from the 17th century. In the late 18th century, an English landscape garden.

Between 1769 and 1790 Josef Haydn's compositions were first heard in the Fertöd Esterházy Palace. It was the most important 18th-century palace of Hungary, built to the example of Versailles. The plan of the palace, the garden and the park was of geometric lines to the new village Esterháza. There, outside the palace settlement were public buildings, buildings and residential area. The palace itself is built around a square with rounded corners internally. In the south is a huge French baroque garden which has changed several times, the current layout essentially that of 1762.

Historical Data

Two large periods can be detected: of c 6000 BC up to the creation of the Hungarian state in the 11th century AD, and from the 11th century to present. The nomination is located in an area that Hungarian territory from the 10th century until the World War I. The landscape was started with the development of at least the 6th millennium BC. Then, early Neolithic communities lived in large permanent villages: a row of these settlements follows the southern shore of the lake. Cultural and commercial links with the surrounding areas are the characteristics of a later Neolithic phase. Various cultural characteristics distinct phases at the beginning of the 4th millennium if settlements were in different locations and livestock increase was the basis of the economy. Metallurgy was around 2000 BC, and then this area shared in what looks a general European prosperity in the 2nd millennium BC. One of its manifestations was the dissemination of orange: the Orange Route between the Baltic Sea and the Adriatic Sea passed to the lake.

From the 7th century BC from the shore of the Lake is densely populated, first by people of the early iron age Hallstatt culture and by late prehistoric and Roman times. In the area of almost every village around the lake you will find remains of Roman villas. Two in Fertö Lake (Lake Neusiedl / Neusiedlersee) As Well As), are accompanied by a 3rd century AD Mithraic temple which is open for visitors. The Roman rule was ended in the late 4th century A.D., but by the first of many invasions, beginning a phase of continuous change and confusing replacement of one people by another to the Avar Empire in the 9th century. Hungarians occupied the Carpathian Basin and were the rulers of the lakes around AD 900.

A new state and government system was founded in the 11th century. Sopron, a place with prehistoric and Roman origin, was the seat of the de schout and the center of the county named after. The basis of the current network of towns and villages in the 12th and 13th century, their markets prosper from 1277, when they were relieved of many tax rights. A migration of German settlers in the 13th century and continued throughout the Middle Ages. The mid 13th century of Tatar invasion left this area unharmed, and which they continuous development in medieval times to the Turkish conquest in the late 16th century. The economic base in the export of animals and wine.

Rust in particular flourished in the wine trade. Its refortification in the beginning of the 16th century as a reaction to the then emerging Ottoman threat marked the beginning of a phase of construction in the area, first with fortifications and then, during the 17 to 19th century, with the construction and adaptation of houses. The liberation of the farmers after 1848 and the political situation after 1867 promote development and activity is refreshed. The most important events on the spot in the second half of the 19th century were the construction of railways and the implementation of the water management. In the 20th century, the austrian-hungarian border created after World War I the region divided into two, but real insulation started with the creation of the iron curtain between the communist world and the rest of Europe after the Second World War. It was at Fertörákos, 'the place where the first brick was knocked out of the Berlin wall,' that participants at a Pan-European Picnic tore down the barbed wire and re-opened the frontier which still crosses the Lake.

Source:whc/unesco