Semmering Railway In Austria

Semmering Railway  - Austria

The initial part of the Semmering railway civil engineering in one of the greatest achievements of 41 km of high mountains in 1848 and 1854. High quality tunnels, viaducts and other works of art have been ensuring continuity in the line is still in use today. He passed through the spectacular mountain scenery, there are many beautiful architectural design sideway the roads, recreation of the space opened by the arrival of the railways.

Wide Report

The Semmering rail characterizes excellent technical solutions for outsized railway construction in large physical problems. The initial phase of railway civil engineering construction of one of the greatest achievements of railway 41 km of high mountains between 1848 - 1854. High quality tunnels, viaducts and other art have ensured continuous use up to now. In addition, the construction is more accessible and beautiful nature reserve has been developed for residential and recreational use, so a new form of cultural landscapes.

The transport path of the valley of the Mürz to Viennese depression has been used since the prehistory. At the middle age it was looked as one of few sure Alpine crossings. Transport is possible with beasts of burden and cars pulled from oxen, and it had become one of the most important international fastened ways of Venice from the 12-th century. However, the Semmering a lot from his trade had lost in the 15-th century as a result of the opening of the distiller and Radstatter Trauem ways further to the south. In 1728 emperor Karl Vl ordered to be improved, in the commercial as well as military street, what an Austria with Miserably as Venice (consequently his name, the Trieste way).

The biggest part of the main entrance of the tunnel is easy however gigantic designs and is decorated with several opportunities. Support structures are mainly in the stone, but stone was used for the curves of the viaducts and the tunnel veneer. The houses of the 57-2-storied companions, laid 700 ms of space which is a very typical quality of the Semmering line are built by the rushed remains masonry with the Ziegelzurichten. A little remains from the original stations which were planned more not originally than Sectioning points and watering points, but later was converted into more impressive structures as holiday traffic has increased.

The appearance of the whole line was significant between 1957 and 1959, as accumulating in memory the contact stripe was which are necessary as a result of the conversion for electric railroad engines. Semmering passport itself is known for the ' summers ' architecture of the villas and hotel which were built for a Viennese broad society between Gloggnitz and the town by Schottwien in picturesque positions. It was one of the first artificial Alpine resorts in decades after the opening of the railroad line. This process began for this project, began with the development of Reichenau one of the Rax and brook Payer on the northwest of Gloggnitz as travel areas in first decades of the 19-th century.

Romantic Historizismus influenced the appearance of the villas and hotel built in this area which there is several Gothic history and Renaissance history. The precipitous gable lid rose and fantastic decorated ' Swiss chalet ' also by many master builders. Semmering passport itself was not concerned by the travel development a time after line open in 1854. The southern railroad Company, machine operator of the line in this time, began with the development in 1880 in persisting the court sculptor Franz Schönthaler with the building of the Semmering hotels. However, it was Schönthaler private villa in the south of the hotel that the strongest influence on the architecture along the Semmering. The use of the traditional Alpine wood frame building by his architect, Franz von Neumann, was seized by other sponsors keenly, and the ' Semmering of style ' ruled in in the last part of the 19-th century to put up buildings.

Historical Data

The route of transport of the valley of the Miirz to Viennese depression has been used since the prehistory. At the middle age it was looked as one of few sure Alpine crossings. Transport is possible with beasts of burden and from oxen for pulled car. It was one of the most important international country roads to Venice from the 12-th century. However, the Semmering a lot from his trade had lost in the 15-th century as a result of the opening of the distiller and Radstatter Trauem ways further to the south. In 1728 emperor Karl VI ordered to be improved, in the commercial as well as military street, what an Austria with Miserably as Venice, consequently his name, the ' Trieste way. '. In 1841 the precipitous northern approach was turned, the increase of about 5 permitting. The new accesibility of the area what an artist and poet there, in order the wild nature as well as to enjoy drawing essential business dealings like the industrial revolution in the area.

The first railroad line (pulled horse) of every meaning on the European continent was opened in 1824-32 between Linz and Budweis (Cesk6 Budejovice), and in 1837 saw the installation of the line pulled by railroad engine between village Floris and German Wagram. The line going after the south of the Wiens-Gloggnitz opened in 1841, and the part of Miirzzuschlag to Graz was added in 1844, a gap on the difficult Semmering distance leaving. The line became later southward to Cilli in 1846 an airport in Ljubljana (Ljubljana) in 1849, and, in the end, about difficult karst scenery to Trieste in 1857 enlarged.

The first plan for the crossing of the Sernmering where 1:30 increase, became in 1841, however, not raised followed for technical reasons. The project was in 1842 when Carlo Ghega the main inspector of the southern line, between Vienna and Trieste was appointed. He began with a visit after the UNITED STATES where he studied 39 lines of 2,413 kms. This showed him that the technical problems are quite exceedable in the first plan, and he began to overlook possible ways by the Semmering. Since no reliable maps were available, he had to explain a full examination of the area; in particular the Stampfer'sche Nivellier high brought him to the development the difficult area of new measured instruments, - and Liingenmessinstrument, uses to measure height and distance which was important tools in geodetics.

Work done in different ways, before you dine on one 1846. This, was 1200 ms long with 22 big bridges and viaducts and tunnel, laid just under the passport 42 kms long; although not the lightest way which was workable in the light of the technological restrictions of the day, in particular the lack of strong explosive materials for the tunnel construction mostly. His project plan was completed in 1847, but his work does not start immediately because Ghega was occupied with the building of the line between Cilli and airport in Ljubljana. His project very much which opposition was a tree nurseryman, projects with the essential long time employment against, however, in June, 1848 by the new minister of public works, Andreas. In spite of a storm of the protest, both experts and the press began in August, 1848. The complete trip is divided into fourteen chapters by which was entrusted with every one separate society. At the beginning 1007 men and 414 women were used to increase to more than 20,000 in the advanced work.

The maximum inclination corner 1:25 and the extremely small radius bends calls after a new type of the railroad engine, and four societies this public procurement in 1850. None of the entries was looked as suitable for the mass production, although they correspond to the technical requirements, And thus job union of Wilhelm von Eggerth the best qualities of all these people in a new rotation. The result big success was successful and 26 engines were done immediately. A lot of progress with the result which the transport of passengers and goods on the line could begin on time on the 17th July, 1854 did construction work on the line and the manufacturing of railroad engines and rolling camp.

Source:whc/unesco

Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps In Austria

Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps - Austria

This serial property of 111 small individual sites includes the remains of a prehistoric pile-dwelling (or built house) settlements in and around the Alps built from around 5000 to 500 Bc at the edges of lakes, rivers and wetlands. Excavations, carried out only in some of the sites, was proof that provides insight into the life in prehistory during the Neolithic and Bronze Age in Alpine Europe and the way communities compares to their environment. Fifty-six sites are located in Switzerland. The settlements are a unique group exceptionally well preserved and culturally rich archaeological sites, which is one of the main sources for the study of older agricultural societies in the region.

Wonderful Universal Importance

The series of 111 of the 937 known archaeological pile-home manufacturing companies in six countries around the Alpine and regions of Europe consists of the remains of a prehistoric settlements dating from 5000 to 500 Bc which is under water, lake shores, along rivers or in wetlands. The exceptional preservation of organic materials that are provided by the sites, combined with extensive water archaeological research in many areas of natural science, as archaeobotany and archaeozoology, in the last decades, combined with an excellent detailed observation of the world of early agricultural societies in Europe. The exact details of the agriculture, livestock farming, the development of the metallurgy, over a period of more than four millennia, coincides with one of the most important phases of recent human history: the dawn of the modern societies.

In view of the potential for the exact date of wooden architectural elements by dendrochronology, the sites have exceptional archaeological resources that provide an understanding of whole prehistoric villages and their detailed construction techniques and spatial development over very long periods. They also give information about trade routes for disposable flint lighters, shells, gold, orange, and pottery by the Alps, and in the plains, transport evidence of dugout canoes and wooden wheels, some complete with axles for two wheeled carts from about 3,400BC, one of the earliest preserved in the world, And the oldest textiles in Europe dating from 3000 V. CHR. This cumulative evidence has a unique insight into the national life and settlements of thirty different cultural groups in the Alpine landscape that the stack properties to flourish.

The series of the stack house sites are one of the most important archaeological sources for the study of older agricultural societies in Europe between 5000 and 500 BC. The flooded fields have retained organic material that contributes to an excellent way for our understanding of important changes in the Neolithic and Bronze Age history of Europe in general, and of the interactions between the regions around the Alps in particular. The series of the stack home sites has an extraordinary and detailed insight into the settlement and domestic situation of pre-historic, early agrarian shore communities in the Alpine regions of Europe and almost 5000 years. The revealed archaeological evidence can be a unique insight into the way in which society should relate to their environment, as a result of new technologies, but also the impact of climate change. 

Integrity

The series of prehistoric pile-dwelling sites is the well-defined geographical area within which these sites are to be found in its full extent, as well as all cultural groups in the course of the period during which the stack properties exist. Therefore includes the full cultural context of the archaeological phenomena. The sites selected at have been chosen to be largely intact, as well as the diversity of structures, groups of structures and in certain periods. The series and its limits correspond fully to the characteristics of Outstanding Universal Value. The visual integrity of some sites is to some extent at the expense of their urban environment. Many of the component sites can also be said to be vulnerable to a number of threats, ranging from the use of the lakes, intensification of agriculture, development, etc. Control of the locations is crucial for a good continuation of their integrity.

Authenticity

The physical remains are well preserved and documented. Their archaeological layers, preserved in the ground or under water are authentic in structure, material and substance, without later or modern additions. The remarkable life of organic remains facilitates the highest levels of definition with regard to the use and function of the locations. The very long history of research, cooperation and coordination an unusual degree of understanding and documentation of the sites. But the capabilities of the locations to their value is difficult because they are usually fully hidden underwater world which means that the context in relation to the lake and the river banks is important with regard to the nature of their setting. This context is compromised of a degree at these sites, to survive in highly urbanised environments. Because the sites not be obvious in the in situ, they are interpreted in museums. An overall presentation framework is to be developed, may coordination between museums and an agreed standard of archaeological data to ensure understanding of the value of the total property, and how the individual sites will contribute to the whole.

Protection and management requirements

The series of the stack house sites are legally protected under the legal systems in the various States Parties. There is a need to ensure that the highest level of legal protection available within each of the parties is provided. The common management system integrates all of the member states and competent authorities, including the local communities, in each country, and connects the different national systems to the international management system, through an established International Coordination Group, based on an Administrative Commitment signed by all States Parties. Common visions and objectives are translated into concrete projects at international, national and regional/local level in a custom action plan. Financing is provided by Switzerland for the Secretariat and by the States Parties to the various projects. Proposed actions which may have a significant impact on the heritage of the archaeological areas designated for inscription are limited. There is a need for a consistent application of protective arrangements on the six contracting states to ensure consistency in the approach to the development, in particular in terms of more use, mooring arrangements and private development and cultural heritage impact assessments. In view of the vulnerability of the remains and the press sites in particular in urban areas, there is a need to ensure that adequate financial resources for monitoring.

Source:whc/unesco

Palace and Gardens of Schönbrunn In Austria

Palace and Gardens of Schönbrunn - Austria

From the 18th century until 1918, Schönbrunn was the residence of the Habsburg emperors. It was designed by the architect Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach and Nicolaus Pacassi and is full of excellent examples of decorative art. Together with the gardens, the site of the world's first zoo in 1752, it is a remarkable Baroque ensemble and a perfect example of Gesamtkunstwerk

Wonderful Universal Importance

The site of the Palace and gardens of Schönbrunn is excellent as one of the most impressive and well preserved Baroque ensemble of its kind in Europe. In addition, it is a strong material symbol of the power and influence of the house of Habsburg for a long period in the history of Europe, from the end of the 17th to the beginning of the 20th century. It is impossible to the gardens of the palace, of which they form a organic expansion: this is an excellent example of the concept was staged, a masterful combination of many art forms.

A small hunting lodge and later summer residence of the Habsburg family was rebuilt after total destruction during the last Turkish attack in 1683. During construction, the project has grown to an Imperial summer residence of the court. As such, the ascent and the splendour of the Habsburg Empire. At the height of Habsburg power at the beginning of the 18th century, when imperial Vienna after the Turkish are reflected regained interpretation in spectacular examples of recently developed baroque art, Schönbrunn is one of the most important construction projects of the capital and residence. The large baroque gardens with their buildings (Gloriette, Roman ruins etc. ) and statuary witnesses of the palace of the english sizes and functions. The original intention, when they were built in the 18th century, was for the glorification of the combining of the house of Habsburg with a tribute to the nature. The Orangery on the east side of the main building is located at 186 m, the longest in the world. The Palm House is an impressive iron frame structure, 114 m long and divided into three sections, founded in 1880 with the latest technology developed in the U.K (England).

The Palace and gardens of Schönbrunn particularly well-preserved example of the Baroque Princely residential ensemble, which was staged an excellent example of a masterful combination of many art forms. The Palace and gardens of Schönbrunn are exceptional on the basis of the evidence which they take over a number of centuries of changes that minor illustrate the taste, interests and aspirations of the successive Habsburg monarchs.

Integrity (2010)

With the exception of a few small changes which dates back to the 19th century, the house has all the elements of the Palace and gardens of Schönbrunn. The property is of such a size offers a full representation of Imperial Palace features. None of the features within the property are threatened. But the visual integrity of the property is vulnerable to highrise developments in Vienna.

Authenticity (2010)

The original building has been extended and amended since it was built, in order to meet the tastes and requirements of successive imperial rulers. There are no major changes in the structures itself because the work on the gables in job of Franz I at the beginning of the 19th century. The decor and furnishings of the Imperial apartments, the theater, the chapel, and other important parts are completely authentic. The structure of the baroque park layout is also virtually untouched and traditional 18th century techniques are still in use for trimming are trees and shrubs. Schönbrunn was if it were frozen in time in 1918 it was the property of the Republic of Austria. Since that time, the form in which they were kept in 1918 is true, both in the original substance, decoration and in the recovery after war damage. The complex of the Royal Palace and park can be considered as an excellent example of Was Staged because of the way in which it has maintained the originality of the architecture, the design and the design of the Palace and the spatial and visual relationship between the buildings on the park.

Wide Report

Schönbrunn is of outstanding universal value as a particularly well-preserved example of the Baroque princely residential ensemble. Furthermore, the palace and gardens are exceptional by virtue of the evidence that they preserve of modifications over several centuries that vividly illustrate the tastes, interests and aspirations of successive Habsburg monarchs.

From the 16th century, the Schönbrunn Palace was the site of a former hunting lodge, summer residence of the Habsburg family. After total destruction during the last Turkish attack in 1683 the palace was rebuilt in 1695. The emperor, Leopold I, originally commissioned a chateau de plaisance for grand duke Joseph, the heir to the throne, But dynastic developments during the construction are necessary function to that of an imperial summer residence, and therefore the size to be increased. He remained in that office until the end of the austrian-hungarian Empire. Apart from a few small 19th-century additions, the palace and the gardens were given their entry in the 18th century. The architectural ensemble contains valuable 18th-century interiors. The former apartments of Emperor Franz Joseph in the west wing were adjusted in the 19th century with furniture that also of historical interest.

Schönbrunn was designed by the architect Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach and Nicolaus Pacassi and is full of excellent examples of decorative art together with the gardens, the site of the world's first zoo in 1752, it has been a remarkable Baroque ensemble and a perfect example of Gesamtkunstwerk. The largest part of the palace in its current form is largely the work of Pacassi, although the conservation Fischer von Erlach general structure. Access to the piano nobile from the courtyard through a monumental stairway to the impressive Large gallery, which ornately decorated with stucco ornaments and ceiling frescoes symbolise the Habsburg empire.

Behind the hotel is the Small Gallery, which is flanked by two small rooms, the Chinese Round Room and the Chinese Oval Room, both decorated with black and gold spray paint panels and decorated with Japanese ceramics and wood. The Carousel Room adjacent to the great Gallery is the anteroom to the ceremonial hall, remarkable for its series of monumental paintings with events in the long reign of Maria Theresa. Among the most impressive of the rooms in the east wing is the lush Vieux-Laque Room, With its precious oriental paint panels set in walnut panelling surrounded by gilded stucco and extremely ornate furniture; the Napoleon room is decorated with a huge Brussels tapestries; the porcelain is a small space in which the decorative finished wainscoting is painted in blue and white, and decorated with 213 drawings of Franz Stephan and his children. The rooms in the West Wing are Iess richly decorated and were used for household use by members of the imperial family.

The vast baroque gardens and their buildings testify to the uk sizes and functions of the palace; the courtyard gives access to the Palace Chapel and the Palace Theater. The orangery on the east side of the main building is the longest in the world. Built in the middle of the 18th century it was used not only for Maria Theresa's passion, that cultivation of exotic plants, but also for festive events and performances. The Palm House is an impressive iron frame structure and divided into three sections, built in 1880 using the technology developed in the UK. The Schoenbrunn zoo founded by Franz Stephan of Lorraine, husband of the Empress Maria Theresa, in 1752 and the oldest in the world, is on the grounds.

Historical Data

The Katterburg estate, the place of the current Schonbrunn palace, was sold in the mid 16th century in the Klosterneuburg monastery to Emperor Maximilian II, developed as a hunting lodge and installed a menagerie. The buildings were badly damaged in Vienna was dismissed by the Hungarians in 1605; it was only from 1622 that they were restored by the Emperor Ferdinand II. After his death in 1637 has become the Katterburg Anglican Cathedral of St. Paul, the estate of his widow, Eleanora of Gonzaga. The name was changed to Sch6nbrunn (nice spring) in 1642, when a new three-storey chateau de plaisance was built next to the older building.

In 1683 Vienna was besieged by the Turks, who were finally being crushed, but not before they had caused great destruction in the surroundings of the city, including Sch6nbrunn. During the reconstruction after the siege, Emperor Leopold I job to the construction of the Italian-trained architect Johann Bernard Fischer von Erlach to the design of a new building as a residence for his heir, grand duke Joseph. His first draft is now thought to have been prepared simply to demonstrate its capabilities. In doing so, it has been a great success: its design was very admired and many other commissions.

The marriage of Leopold in 1699 caused the second to be adapted, because of a larger state. The construction began in 1696 and Erlach Fischervon personally supervised the work. The central part is complete and habitable by 1700, but further work was brought to an end by the outbreak of the war of the Spanish Succession in 1701 and then by the sudden death of the Emperor Joseph I in 1711. The unfinished building was the residence of the Anglican Cathedral of St. Paul, Empress Amalia Wilhelmine.

When they have acceded to the Imperial throne in 1740, Maria Theresia Schonbrunn chosen as fixed residence, and began a new phase in the life of the palace. Urgent repairs were carried out on the dilapidated buildings in 1742-43, followed by major structural changes, which were carried out in three phases: 1743-49, 1753- 63 and 1764-80. Most of the work in the first two phases was carried out on the design and under the supervision of the architect Nicolaus Pacassi, which had to be, such as Fischer von Erlach, the Imperial and Royal court architect. The largest project of the third phase was the motto of the gardens (the Gloriette, the Neptune Fountain, the 'Roman ruins', the Obelisk * gt; , largely the work of Johann Ferdinand Wien-hetzendorf von Hohenberg.

Maria Theresia's immediate successors uoseph II and Leopold II) showed little interest in Schonbrunn Palace, but it was the summer residence of Franz I (1792-1835), and Franz Joseph (1848-1916) spent much of his life. The latter was responsible for the restoration of the old ROCOCO decor and some other changes. The palace of the architectural history came to an end in 1870 and there are no major changes since that time.

Source:whc/unesco

Historic Centre of Vienna In Austria

Historic Centre of Vienna - Austria

Vienna developed from the early Celtic and Roman settlements in a medieval and baroque city, the capital of the Habsburg Empire. They play a key role as a leading European music center, from the era of the Viennese Classicism by the first part of the 20th century. The historic center of Vienna is rich in architectural ensemble, including baroque castles and gardens, as well as the late-19th-century Ringstrasse lined with large buildings, monuments and parks.

Wide Report

The urban and architectural qualities of the historic center of Vienna bear witness yet an ongoing exchange of values in the 2nd millennium AD. Three important periods of the European cultural and political development - the Middle Ages, the baroque and the Gründerzeit - are particularly well illustrated by the urban and architectural heritage of Vienna. The complex consists of the medieval core (based on the Roman settlement), the main Baroque ensemble with their axs, and the Gründerzeit constructions from the beginning of the modern era. The city of Vienna is located on the Danube River in the eastern part of Austria. The old Roman military camp, traces of which are still visible in the medieval urban structure of the current Vienna, was located in a plain, west of the old branch of the Danube.

Beginning in the 12th century, the scheme should be extended outside the Roman fortifications, which were scrapped. The medieval city walls surrounded a much larger area; they were rebuilt during the Ottoman conflicts in the 16th and 17th century and bastions. This remained the core of Vienna to the walls were demolished in the second half of the 19th century. This town contains a number of medieval historic buildings, including the Schottenkloster, the oldest monastery in Austria, the churches of Maria am Strand (one of the most important Gothic structures), Michaelerkirche, Minoritenkirche and Minoritenkloster, from the 13th century. St Stephen's Cathedral dating from the 14th and 15th century. The period was also the construction of civic ensembles, such as first parts of the Hofburg. Whereas a monastic complexes were generally built from stone, as part of the fortifications of the medieval city, the residential area were of wood and suffering frequent forest fires.

In 1683 Vienna developed rapidly as the capital of the Austro-hungarian Empire, an impressive baroque city. The baroque nature was reflected in particular in the large palace layouts built under Emperor Charles VI (1711-40) and Maria Theresa (1740-80), such as the Belvedere Palace and garden ensemble. A growing number of new palaces were built by noble families. Many existing medieval buildings, churches and monasteries are amended and baroque elements and additions were representative administrative buildings. Several historic buildings are now associated with the major Viennese residence of personalities, such as Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert and others, when the city an important role as a leading European music center, from the era of the Viennese Classicism by the first part of the 20th century.

A new phase in the history of Vienna took place at the 34 suburbs were included with the city, and the emperor ordered the demolition of the fortifications around the city. This opportunity was taken to one of the most important 19th-century ensemble in the history of cities, which strongly influenced by the rest of Europe in this crucial period of social and economic development. In 1874 the Hofburg complex was extended with the Neue Hofburg, a 'roman forum', together with large museum complexes in one ensemble. The burgtheater, the parliament, the city hall and the university formed another ensemble associated with this. This was supplemented by the opera, as well as a large number of public and private buildings in the Ringstrasse, the line of the broken walls. The late 19th and early 20th century witnesses of more creative contributions of Viennese designers, artists and architects in the period of Art Nouveau, separation and the early painting of the 20th century architecture.

Historical Data

Antiquity and early middle ages (up to 11th century):

Archaeological evidence has shown that the site of Vienna was a Celtic settlement when the Romans extended their control over the Danube region in the 1st century CE, construction of the castellum of Vindobona on the edge of the river and to stay here to 488. The meandering River Danube was the limes of the Roman Empire, the border with Germania libera, later affect urban development to modern times. The High German name Wenia was first mentioned in 881, during the battle between the Germans and Magyars.

High and late middle ages (12th to 15th century):

Vienna started interpretation obtained in the late 12th and 13th century, one of the largest cities of the German Reich, next to Cologne. Different a monastic complexes were built, including the Minoritenkirche, as well as the construction of the ducal residence, the current Hofburg, Taken over by the Habsburgs in 1276. In the 14th and 15th century the city prospered in trade, and the first German university was founded in 1365. The church of St Stephen was made for an independent diocese in 1469 and an archbishopric in 1718. The Jewish community here since the 12th century was destroyed in 1420-21.

Gap and the Turkish siege ( 16th century to 1683):

In the 16th century Europe was in conflict with the Ottoman Empire, which most of Hungary. Vienna was a frontier fortress, surrounded first in 1529, and trade fall. In 1533 Ferdinand I transferred to Vienna, making it the capital of the Holy Roman Empire, which lasted until 1806, with an open circuit from 1583 to 1612. In 1683 Vienna with success against the Ottoman army, a victory that Hungary under Habsburg rule.

Baroque metropolis (1683 to the French Revolution):

The change in the political situation after 1683 also showed significant changes in the city of Vienna, the start of an important phase. An increase of the population led to the construction of suburban areas, which were protected by their own fortifications, the Linienwall. Baroque palaces were designed for the center of the city by the leading architects of the time, including J. B. Fischer von Erlach and L. von Unkel-te Kaat, resulting in the construction of the palaces of Schönbrunn and Belvedere, the enlargement of the Hofburg, and a large number of ecclesiastical and civil ensemble. Vienna was the European capital of music as a result of the genius of Haydn and Mozart. After the defeat of Napoleon was the location of the Congress of Vienna (1814 - 15), which resulted in the political continuation of absolutism must (Vormärz, i.e. before March 1848).  Simultaneously, the petite bourgeoisie continued interest for art, furniture (Biedermeier), painting, and especially music (Beethoven, Schubert).

The era of French Joseph I (1848-1916):

At the end of 1848, the young Emperor Francis Joseph I have been on the throne of the austrian-hungarian Empire. The desire for a democratic government remained a dream, although constitutional government was restored in 1860. The walls were expelled in 1857 and ground with a view to the establishment of the Ringstrasse, a beautiful example of 19th century urban planning. With the new ambitions of the haute bourgeoisie, the new Ringstrasse was a large construction site for an impressive number of large buildings, such as theaters, museums, universities and large private construction, characterized as the Gründerzeit, the constructors' period. There was also an important development in the field of culture, including composers: Bruckner, Brahms, Wolf, Mahler, Schönberg, architects and painters such as O. Wagner, A. Loos, G. Klimt, and O. Kokoschka, as well as philosophers, including L. Wittgenstein.

Period since the World War I:  

With the death of the Emperor in 1916 the Empire came to an end and Austria was declared a democratic republic in 1918. Between the two World Wars, Vienna's leading architects involved in subsidized housing which came to dominate the nature of some Viennese districts. The Second World War caused great damage to the city and the reconstruction took in 1960. Simultaneously, a new approach to conservation has developed, and the old town is legally protected in 1972. In 1945 Vienna status as a federal province (country) and the capital city of Austria.

Source:whc/unesco

Historic Centre of the City of Salzburg In Austria

Historic Centre of the City of Salzburg - Austria

Salzburg has preserved an extremely rich urban structure, developed in the period from the Middle Ages to the 19th century when it was a city-state ruled by a prince-archbishop. Its flamboyant gothic art attracted many artists and craftsmen for the city became even better known by the work of the Italian architect Vincenzo Scamozzi and Santini Solari, to whom the city center of Salzburg owes much of its Baroque appearance. This meeting point of northern and southern Europe, perhaps caused the genius of Salzburg's most famous son, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, whose name is connected with the city.

Wonderful Universal Importance

Salzburg is an excellent example of a ecclesiastical hailing, which are inherent in the Holy Roman Empire, of Prussia to Italy. Most of the disappeared as a political and administrative units in the beginning of the 19th century and has alternative routes in development. No other example of this type of political organism has survived as fully, with conservation of the urban structure and individual buildings which a remarkable degree as Salzburg. Salzburg is the point where the Italian and German cultures met and has played a crucial role in the exchange between these two cultures. The result is a Baroque city that has arisen from the history intact, and an exceptional tangible evidence of a certain culture and period. The city center of Salzburg owes much of its Baroque appearance of the Italian architect Vincenzo Scamozzi and Santino Solari.

The Salzburg skyline, against a backdrop of mountains is characterized by an abundance of towers and domes, which is dominated by the fortress HohenSalzburg. It contains a large number of buildings, both secular and ecclesiastical, of very high quality from periods ranging from the late Middle Ages to the 20th century. There is a clear separation, visible on the ground and on the map, between the estates of the Prince-Archbishops and that of the bourgeoisie. The former is characterized by its monumental buildings - the Cathedral, the place of residence, the Franciscan Abbey the Abbey of St Peter - and the open spaces, the Domplatz in particular. The burghers' houses, on the other hand, are in small plots and on narrow streets, with the only open spaces by the three historic markets. Salzburg is rich in buildings from the Gothic period, combined with a cityscape and urban fabric of great individuality and beauty. Salzburg is also closely linked with many important artists and musicians, studies among them Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

Salzburg has played a crucial role in the exchange between Italian and German cultures, resulting in a flowering of the two cultures and long-term exchanges between these countries. Salzburg is an exceptionally important example of a European ecclesiastical hailing, with a remarkable number of high quality buildings, both secular and ecclesiastical, from periods ranging from the late Middle Ages to the 20th century. Salzburg is remarkable for the associations with the arts, and in particular with music, in the person of his famous son Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

Integrity

The historic center of Salzburg contains all important elements that the ecclesiastical hailing. The coherence is vulnerable to the adverse effects of new developments in the buffer zone and setting

Authenticity

The center of Salzburg has its historic townscape and pattern to a high degree. Against the background of the surrounding hills, the architectural monuments such as the Cathedral and the Abbey Nonnberg retained their dominant role on the skyline.  

Wide Report

Salzburg is of exceptional universal value as an important example of a European ecclesiastical hailing that preserves to a remarkable degree its dramatic townscape, historically important urban structure, and a large number of excellent ecclesiastical and secular buildings from various centuries. It is preserved a very rich urban structure, developed from the Middle Ages to the 19th century when it was a city-state ruled by a prince-archbishop. Its flamboyant gothic art attracted many artists and craftsmen for the city became even better known by the work of the Italian architect Vincenzo Scamozzi and Santini Solari, to whom the city center of Salzburg owes much of its Baroque appearance.

The skyline of the city, against a backdrop of mountains, is characterized by an abundance of towers and domes, which is dominated by the fortress Hohensalzburg. There is a clear separation, visible on the ground and on the map, between the estates of the Prince-Archbishops and that of the bourgeoisie - the former characterized by monumental buildings and open spaces, the last on small plots apartment block on narrow streets, with the only open spaces by the three historic markets.

Salzburg is rich in buildings from the Gothic period, combined with a cityscape and urban fabric of great individuality and beauty. The cathedral (St Rupert and St Virgil) is the pre-eminent ecclesiastical building and the spiritual center. Archaeological excavations during the reconstruction after heavy bomb in the Second World War, there appeared to be many of the predecessors of the present building, back to its foundation in the 8th century as a three-aisled basilica. The second church, in the same form, but much larger, was built in 1181, but this was almost destroyed by fire in 1598, to be replaced by the current structure. The original plan was the work of Vincenzo Scamozzi, a pupil of Andrea Palladio; the current building, the work of Santini Solari, the court master builder, jams much of Scamozzi's features.

The Benedictine Abbey of St Peter, founded in the last years of the 7th century, contains in its church the only High Romanesque structure in Salzburg, often dating back to the early 12th century. The main part of the church has various changes since the 12th century. Of special importance are the cemetery and catacombs of the abbey. The Nonnberg Benedictine nunnery is the oldest monastery in the north of the Alps, founded around the same time as the Abbey of St Peter. This huge complex, on the eastern summit of the Mönchberg, is a striking feature of the village, with a dominant church roof and Baroque dome.

The Hohensalzburg Fortress, a Roman structure on this steep rock fan overlooks the city, was replaced by a wooden fortress in the Middle Ages. The first stone building dating back to the early 12th century, and this is extended with towers, bastions and outer wards in the 15th century. Large-scale rebuilding and extension work were at the beginning of the 16th century, and remained until the late 17th century. The creation of the archbishop's Residence, which began in the early 12th century, is located in the heart of the old town. The current layout data for the major refurbishment carried out by Archbishop Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau in the first years of the 17th century. The buildings are grouped around two courtyards. In addition to the architectural heritage Salzburg is particularly noteworthy for the associations with the arts, and in particular with music in the person of his famous son Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

Historical Data

No doubt because of the location on the narrowest point of the Salzach valley and shelter for between mountain ridges, Salzburg was the site of a major prehistoric settlement and was the obvious choice for a Roman settlement municipium, either Claudium Juvavum , on the intersection of three important Roman roads.  As a secular counterweight a ducaI palace was built between the ecclesiastical district and the river. The early medieval development of the city was in the area between the palace and the river. Churches then proliferated and academics were attracted to the town.

Two important events took place at the end of the 10th century. The abbacy and archbishopric was divided into 987 and 996 the civil city was the right to levy tolls and markets. In 1077 Archbishop Gebhard built fortress Hohensalzburg Fortress, as a symbol of his power. The city continued to grow, spreading along a north-west street parallel to the river. Solid stone walls were built in the 1120s, to replace the old wooden Palisades. The growing city was destroyed by fire in 1167 and a major reconstruction of the cathedral took place. Later medieval fire led the citizens to replace their wooden houses with large stone buildings of the burgher hall at Inn-Salzach type. With the advent of the Gothic period 1300 church and outdo Owners see their city. The late-Gothic art of Salzburg acquired fame that went much further than the town itself, and many famous artists lived and worked there in the 15th and 16th century.

Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau, who was appointed Archbishop in 1587, converted the whole city, point the hurt pride of the residence and the cathedral, with its structures. Salzburg escaped the devastating consequences of the Thirty Years War in the first half of the last century, partly because of the new defenses added by Archbishop Paris Lodron, partly because of the archbishop's Smart policy of neutrality. He was responsible for the foundation of the university in 1622. In this period of prosperity the bourgeoisie copied the style of the Royal buildings in the drastic refurbishment of their houses. The townscape was improved in the last years of the 17th century with the arrival of the baroque style, used for a number of notable buildings and a series of monumental fountains that grace the squares of Salzburg. This period also saw a flowering of the city as a cultural center of the lighting. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in Salzburg in 1756 and lived there until expelled by the Archbishop of the time, Number Of Hieronvmus Colloredo.

Ecclesiastical line terminated with the Napoleonic Wars in 1803 and was a voter, Berchtesgaden, Passau and Eichstatt; the first ruler was Ferdinand sick of Tuscany, driven from his own Grand Duchy. The war was disastrous for the economy of Salzburg, which has for decades been to restore. It was only when the railway was built between Salzburg and Linz, extending to Munich, which began to improve, with the arrival of investors from Bavaria as well as elsewhere in Austria. There was a renewed increase in activities in a building that is still in this century, culminating in the buildings of the Festspielhaus. Salzburg had of aerial bombing in the Second World War. The post-war reconstruction was accompanied by enlargement and a number of leading works of contemporary architecture were added to the city's rich supply of many periods.

Source:whc/unesco

Churches of Chiloé In Chile

Churches of Chiloé - Chile

The churches of Chiloé forms a unique example in Latin America an excellent form of ecclesiastical wooden architecture. They represent a tradition started by the Jesuit Itinerant Mission in the 17th and 18th century, continued and enriched by the Franciscans in the 19th century and is still prevailing today. These churches represent the intangible wealth of the Chiloé Archipelago, witnesses of a successful mix of indigenous and European culture, the full integration of the architecture in the landscape and the environment, as well as on the spiritual values of the communities.

Justification for Inscription

The churches of Chiloé are excellent examples of successful mix of European and indigenous cultural traditions to a unique form of wooden architecture. The mestizo pop would be defined as pop culture as a result of Jesuit missionaries in the 17th and 18th century has survived intact in the Chiloé Archipelago, and reached its highest expression in the excellent wooden churches.

Description

The churches of Chiloé are excellent examples of successful mix of European and indigenous cultural traditions to a unique form of wooden architecture. The mestizo pop would be defined as pop. Culture as a result of Jesuit missionaries in the 17th and 18th century has survived intact in the Chiloé Archipelago, and reached its highest expression in the excellent wooden churches. In the 16th century the inhabitants of the Chiloé Archipelago, which extends from the Chacao channel to the Corcovado Gulf, followed a sedentary way of life, on the basis of a mixed agriculture and fisheries economy. Spanish navigators discovered the archipelago by half of the 16th century, but colonisation only started 1567 with Martin Ruiz de Gamboa founded the cities of Santiago Castro and Chacao on Isla Grande de Chiloé.

Following an exploratory visit in 1608, the Association of Jesus began sends its members to initiate the process of evangelization that was to shape the cultural characteristics of the archipelago. At first these missions are not permanently occupied, but in the course of time the Jesuits began building chapels and shelter for their members, compiled by the local community with local materials and techniques. It seemed, chosen from the most prominent families, to serve as de fiscales progresistas, the care of the church and the cemetery and minister the spiritual needs of the community. This was in the Jesuit tradition, which encouraged active development of their social and religious life of indigenous communities. At the end of the 19th century more than 100 churches were built; between 50 and 60 are able to survive in the current day. And 14 of these are the World Heritage site: Achao (Quinchao); Quinchao; Castro; Rilán (Castro); Nercón (Castro); Aldachildo (Puqueldón); Ichuac (Puqueldón); Detif (Puqueldón); Vilipulli (Chonchi); Chonchi; Tenaún (Quemchi); Colo (Quemchi); San Juan (Dalcahue); and Dalcahue.

The traditional Chiloé churches are located in the vicinity of the coast, with a view of the esplanade, which in some cases has been developed into a real plaza (Achao, Dalcahue), but elsewhere is not more than an open space bordered by a fence or trees (Quinchao). The size is determined by the importance of the religious festivals that take place. The churches consists of a large quantity of with a sloping roof. The most typical feature of these buildings is the tower facade, on the side of the esplanade, which consists of an entrance portico, the sloped wall or pediment, and the tower itself. This was the focus of urban development in these communities.

The portico is a feature of the earlier churches, but there is built in the 20th century. The tower is the dominant vertical function, both as a religious element in support of the cross and also as a beacon for sailors. Most are of two or three levels, with hexagonal or octagonal drums windguard limited resistance. Only at Tenaún there are smaller flanking towers. The horizontal part of the church, but depth is favored over width. They correspond to an earth basilican plan with three aisles, only the central part of the gate. The aisles are separated by solid wooden columns on stone blocks; this aid a huge radius which forms the ridge. In most cases the main nave is barrel-vaulted, the accompanying aisles with flat roofs. Achao with its segmented ceiling and Rilán with fan vaults are rare exceptions. The latter is clearly influenced by Gothic architecture and components of other major architectural styles can be recognized - classicism in Chonchi, Renaissance and Baroque of Achao Nercón on. Everywhere there is abundant evidence of the Chilota control of woodworking. The characteristic shape and materials of the churches show virtually no difference more than four centuries. The decoration of the churches is plentiful and varied. All churches are skillfully adapted to their physical environment. They are built on slopes to prevent floods in heavy rainfall, and the ground. The north sides are protected against storm, which usually come from this direction. They are fully closed structures, such as protection against wind and rain, which can be heavy in this region.

Historical Data

In the 16th century the inhabitants of the Chiloé Archipelago followed a sedentary way of life, on the basis of a mixed agriculture and fisheries economy. Spanish navigators discovered the Archipelago by half of the 16th century, but colonisation only started 1567 with Martin Ruiz de Gamboa founded the cities of Santiago Castro and Chacao on Isla Grande Chiloé. The Spaniards were impressed by the mild, open nature of the local population. The universal feature system was applied, with the indigenous people paid tribute to the Spanish crown by the settlers in exchange for food and provide religious instruction. There are occasional indigenous stands, of which the most serious occurred in 1712, caused by the harsh treatment of the indigenous population by the encomenderos time, accused the Jesuits have inspired the uprising, which was brutally repressed.

Missionaries had arrived with the first settlers from the orders of St Francis and Our Lady of Mercy. After an exploratory visit in 1608, the Association of Jesus began sends its members to initiate the process of evangelization that was to shape the cultural characteristics of the archipelago, and this results in the construction of the churches, which figure in the current appointment.

The Jesuit strategy was encapsulated in the ambulatory Mission. Annual tours were by Jesuits setting from their College in Castro during the temperate months. They spent a few days at each of their missions according to a planned schedule; the missions was close to the shore, so that these trips are made by boat. While we have now would attend to the spiritual and material needs of the communities. At first these missions are not permanently occupied, but in the course of time the Jesuits began building chapels and shelter for their members, compiled by the local community with local materials and techniques. It seemed, chosen from the most prominent families, to serve as de fiscales progresistas, the care of the church and the cemetery and minister the spiritual needs of the community. This was in the Jesuit tradition, which encouraged active development of their own social and religious life of indigenous communities. At the end of the 19th century had built more than a hundred churches, between fifty and sixty survive to this day.

Pirate raids were a feature of the 17th century, and the Spaniards live in the cities started to release in favor of increased safety on the countryside. They took over the lands of the indigenous population, the growing racial and cultural assimilation between the two groups. The most Chilota group in the Archipelago is the result of this process of crossing (mestizaje).  Christianity was embraced by the inhabitants while the Spaniards who the local language, Veliche (now extinct), for communication. The Spaniards also took the way of life of the local population, the fisheries and agriculture and the use of their technologies.

When the Jesuits were expelled in 1767 their work was continued by the Franciscans, who appreciate the value of the Jesuits' work and remain active. They used the Itinerant Mission as the basis for the creation of nine centers, each with its own work. This would be the current parish system, created in 1840. Despite the efforts of the Spanish colonial power, the cities were not more than administrative centers and by the time colonial domination came to an end there were not more than five cities (villas) on Chiloé. The strategic importance of the archipelago was recognized, and therefore was dependent on the captaincy General of Lima and not so much that of Chile. The military garrison was stationed in the fort of San Carlos de Ancud, founded in 1768.

The Chilota population was very loyal to the Spanish Crown. When the fight for Chilean independence began in 1810, Chiloé was the seat of the Spanish operation to restore Chile and Peru. Although this failed, Chiloé remained a Spanish enclave after Chile finally won its independence in 1818; it remained the last gaining a toehold of Spanish domination in South America until he was included in the new Republic eight years later.

Chiloé enjoyed a period of prosperity in the 19th century. The ports were visited by ships to the south and are wooden was a major export. This came to an end at the end of the century, as a result of the opening of the Panama Canal, and the excessive exploitation of the islands' cypress and larch trees. In the first half of the 20th century the economy also with serious problems in the agriculture and livestock farming. As a result, there was a large emigration Chilota south, to Patagonia and the Magallanes Straits. At the moment the economy of the archipelago has been developed on the basis of the controlled industrial exploitation of natural resources (wood and fish) and agriculture and fishing.

Source:whc/unesco

Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis: San Ignacio Mini, Santa Ana, Nuestra Señora de Loreto and Santa Maria Mayor (Argentina), Ruins of Sao Miguel das Missoes In Brazil

Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis: San Ignacio Mini, Santa Ana, Nuestra Señora de Loreto and Santa Maria Mayor (Argentina), Ruins of Sao Miguel das Missoes - Brazil

The ruins of Sao Miguel das Missões in Brazil, and that of San Ignacio Miní, Santa Ana, Nuestra Señora de Loreto and Santa Maria la Mayor in Argentina, the core of a tropical forest. They are the impressive remains of five Jesuit Missions, build in the country of the Guaranis in the 17th and 18th century. Each is characterized by a specific layout and another state of conservation.

Description

The remains of the Jesuit Missions are excellent examples of a type of building and of an architectural ensemble that illustrate an important period in the history of Argentina and Brazil. The ruins of Sao Miguel das Missões in Brazil and San Ignacio Miní, Santa Ana, Nuestra Señora de Loreto and Santa Maria la Mayor in Argentina is located in the middle of a tropical forest. They are impressive remains of five Jesuit Missions, build in the country of the Guaranis in the 17th and 18th century. All these Guarani reducciones (settlements) are on the same model: the church, the residence of the fathers, and the regularly spaced houses of the Indians are around a large square. However, each of the reducciones is characterized by a specific layout and a different state of conservation.

San Ignacio Miní, founded in 1611, was twice, establishment in its current location in 1696. It contains important monumental remains: churches, residence of the fathers, schools. The ruins are accessible and in a relatively good state of preservation. It is the most prominent example of a reduccion kept in Argentine territory. Santa Ana, founded in 1633 in the Sierra del Tape was removed in 1638 to the bank of the Parana river and yet again to its current location, 45 km of Posadas. The ruins of the church, which are accessible through a monumental staircase, arising out of a forest. They are opposed to plunder after the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1767.

The Nuestra Señora de Loreto, founded in 1610, moved in 1631 to its current location 53 km of Posadas. The job included a print. The church and the founding fathers' house was built by Brother Bressanelli, as in San Ignacio Miní. The ruins of the Indian village of partially are cleared of vegetation. Santa Maria la Mayor, founded in 1626, has been moved to the current location in 1633. Not far from the ruins of the church, important remains of the place of residence of the fathers are still standing.

Sao Miguel, founded in 1632 on the site of Itaiaceco, was first transferred to Concepción, and then in 1687 to its current location on the banks of the Piratini. Not a single building of the village will be maintained; that everything visible are the foundations of the fathers' residence, the school and the walls of the cemetery, along with a few remnants of Indian habitations. On a web site that is regularly invaded by vegetation are the ruins of the church attributed to Father Gian Battista Primoli, a Jesuit architect of Milanese roots, known for its work in Buenos Aires, Cordoba and Concepción. This baroque church, completed in 1750, was destroyed by fire 10 years. It was restored in a somewhat during the year prior to the final expulsion of the Jesuits in 1768.

Source:whc/unesco

Historic Town of Ouro Preto In Brazil

Historic Town of Ouro Preto - Brazil

Founded at the end of the 17th century, Ouro Preto (Black Gold) was the focus of the gold rush and Brazil the golden age in the 18th century. With the exhaustion of the gold mines in the 19th century, the city influence decreased but many churches, bridges and fountains remain as a testimony of the past prosperity and the exceptional talent of the Baroque sculptor Aleijadinho.

Description

Located on a 513 km north of Rio de Janeiro Ouro Preto (Black Gold) was the center of gravity of the period is known as the Golden Age of Brazil. Originally called Vila Rica, this city has played a leading role in the Brazilian history in the 18th century. It was created by thousands of soldiers of fortune excited to enrich themselves by abuse of the gold; they were closely followed by many artists who live and produce high-quality, such as the Sao Francisco Assis church by Antonio Francisco Lisboa (Aleijadinho).

Ouro Preto, the old capital of Minas Gerais, owes its origin to the discovery and exploitation of the gold. The creation in 1698 of the -Capitana Hotel Sao Paulo e Minas do Ouro has led to the former mining settlements be converted into villas (small cities), the second Vila Rica, in 1712. Minas Gerais was a self-employed person -Capitana Hotel in 1720, with Vila Rica as capital. The growth of the city was fast as a result of the rich mineral resources, and developed a private urban functions typical of a mining town. In the last years of the 18th century it was a center of the movement for the emancipation of Brazil called Inconfidência Mineira of colonial domination. A rapid reduction of mineral resources and mining has led to the deterioration of the economy of this part of the province. In 1823 its status is changed to that of an imperial city, with the new name of Ouro Preto and this has attracted a number of higher education institutions, but with the transfer of the provincial capital in 1897 to Belo Horizonte the fortunes of Ouro Preto declined again. Since the 1930 is essentially a tourist center.

The town was formed by the merging of small settlements (arriais) in a hilly landscape, where the houses, mostly one or two floors, seem to support a irregular urban layout that the contours of the landscape. However, the resources derived from mining, linked to the talent of artists such as Aleijadinho and others, a number of striking architectural and artistic masterpieces. A 'extraction' Baroque style developed in the second half of the 18th century successfully fused Brazilian influences with European Baroque and Rococo. The church of Sao Francisco de Assis is considered a masterpiece of the Brazilian architecture. Ouro Preto also features a number of other beautiful churches and religious buildings, such as the church of Our Lady of the pillar-lady, the A. g. do Rosário dos Pretos Homens, the Virgin of the Conceição, and the Virgin of Carmel, the House of the Baroness, the chafarizes of the High Da Cruz and Alto of the head.

Tiradentes Park Square is the central point where all roads. Surrounded by imposing public and private buildings, such as the old Parliament House (1784), today the Museum of the Inconfidência and the Palace of the Governor, which has since the School of mines and metallurgy. The townscape of Ouro Preto is also noteworthy for the bridges and fountains, all mixing in an urban and natural surroundings of great beauty.

Source:whc/unesco

Historic Centre of the Town of Olinda In Brazil

Historic Centre of the Town of Olinda - Brazil

Founded in the 16th century by the Portuguese, the history of the city is connected with the cane sector industry. Rebuilt after being plundered by the Dutch, the urban structure dating back to the 18th century. The harmonious balance between the buildings, gardens, 20 baroque churches, monasteries and many small passos (chapels) all contribute to Olinda charm.

Description

The historic center of Olinda, where is located a few kilometers to the north of the port installations, industrial zones and skyscrapers of Recife, still has the charm of a city museum of the colonial period. Olinda was founded in 1537 by the Portuguese Duarte Coelho Pereira and debts the rapid increase in the cultivation of sugar cane in the Pernambuco region with slave labor. From the 16th century, churches and monasteries, of which there are only few examples, such as the church of São João exist today, were built by religious missions. The Dutch occupied the area from 1630 to 1654 and during the occupation a well planned city was built where current Recife is located. Pernambuco was skillfully governed by the Dutch and flourished with the production of sugar in the plantations are located in the rich alluvial soil along the coast. The invaders burned down Olinda, although they have a quiet and developed administration centerd in Recife.

Portuguese rule replaced by the Dutch in Pernambuco in 1654 and Olinda recovered; once again it was a major Brazilian village, as a developed cultural center. In the beginning of the 18th century is a bitter rivalry between Olinda, the administrative capital of the captaincy and the residence of rich aristocratic plantation owners and Recife, who was the commercial center, mainly occupied by traders, victuallers and warehousing. Recife continued to grow, although Olinda declined, and in 1827 it was the capital of the province. In 1817 Pernambuco was the scene of a local armed insurrection against Portuguese rule. It remained for many years a seedbed of but and revolutionary agitation, and it was the site of failed coups against Portuguese rule in 1821-22, 1824, 1831 and 1848. Pernambuco was a condition of the Brazilian Republic in 1891.

The essential urban structure of Olinda dating back to the 18th century, but it contains a number of older monuments. Among the more important buildings of Olinda, the Episcopal Church, the Jesuit College and Church (now the Church of Graça), the Franciscan, carmelite cloister is warmly welcoming its guests, Benedictine and other convents and monasteries, and the Misericórdia, Amparo and Sao Joao Batista churches. The unique quality of the Historic Center stems from the balance sheet, which in general is maintained, between the private and public buildings and the gardens of the early country awarded. It is a city full of unexpected vistas: one of the many baroque churches and monasteries and the many passos (chapels and oratories) appears unexpectedly when running a corner. The refinements of the decor of this conscious architectural structures contrasts with the charming simplicity of the houses are painted in vibrant colors or faced with ceramic tiles.

In the last few decades, Olinda, a city of art, much appreciated by artists - has been the subject of numerous precautionary measures. Notable buildings such as the Church of Graça, with the former Jesuit College, the monastery do Carmo and the Episcopal Palace are all more or less completely restored. The construction of new complexes is controlled by a master plan and the zone of protection was extended in 1979.

Source:whc/unesco

Historic Centre of the Town of Goiás In Brazil

Historic Centre of the Town of Goiás - Brazil

Short Report

Goias is testimony to the occupation and colonization of the plains of central Brazil in the 18th and 19th century. The urban layout is an example of the organic development of a mining town, adapted to the requirements of the site. Although modest, both public and private sector architecture forms a harmonious whole, thanks to the consistent use of local materials and techniques.

Wide Report

In the construction and architecture the historic city Goias is an excellent example of a European city excellent adapted to the climatic, geographical and cultural obligations of central South America. It is the development of a form of urban structure and architecture typical of the colonial settlement of South America to make full use of local materials and techniques, and conservation of the special setting. The urban layout is an example of the organic development of a mining town, adapted to the requirements of the site. Although modest, both public and private sector architecture forms a harmonious whole, thanks to the consistent use of local materials and techniques.

The origin of the town Goiás are closely linked to the history of the more or less official expeditions (bandeiras ), from Sao Paulo to explore the inside of the Brazilian territory. An expedition led by Fernando Dias Pais, explored the region Minas (1673-81), and another expedition, under the command of Bartolomeu Bueno da Silva, explored the region of Goias (1682), a number of gold. As a result of wars in the coastal regions, the attention again to the passenger compartment; gold was found in Cuiabá and in Rio Vermelho (the mines of Goias).

With a view to a better control of the mines of Goias, the Portuguese authorities decide to strengthen the regional government. In 1739, the governor of Sao Paulo chose Santana, who took the name Vila Boa the Goias. It was therefore always close doubled in size by the addition of a small administrative district. In 1748, Goiás was chosen as the seat of a new-; its first governor was Dom Marcos the De Noronha (1749-55), which the modest village in a small capital. Under the first constructions is the Casa Fundição (1750) for the control of gold, governor's palace and the army barracks. The city remained be improved, including the construction of the Casa the Câmara e Cadeia, improvement of the roads and streets, building of the fountains of Carioca Metro Station and the Cauda Chafariz and the opening of a theater. In 1782 the governor had the urban master plan, which the city with a structure that has survived to the present day. In 1770 an inevitable decline of gold mining and Goiás began in a long period of stagnation. In 1935-37 his administrative position was removed but the townscape has remained intact.

The town Goias is built between two series hills, along a river, the Rio Vermelho. The areas on the right bank are close to the north-western hills, and a popular character, indicated by the church of Rosario, which was traditionally reserved for the slaves. The areas on the left bank, bounded by the hills in the south-east, Are reserved for the more representative groups of buildings, including the parish church (now the cathedral) of Santana, Governor's Palace, the barracks, the Casa Fundição, extending to the Plaça do Chafariz and climb to the hill of Chapeu' is inserted' inserted do Padre. Here are also to be found the historic district and a characteristic market place.

The town is characterized by the harmony of the architecture, due to the size and nature of the buildings. Simultaneously, the history of the construction can be read in the variation of styles from the classic 18th-century buildings on the eclectic architecture of the 19th century. Goias went through a long period of stagnation in the 19th century to recent times. The townscape has not therefore has been the subject of any significant changes in the modern time, except perhaps for the reconstruction of the church of Rosario in Gothic Revival style in 1933. Otherwise, Goias is a good example of the display of the mining town of the 18th and 19th century, including the natural environment, which has remained intact.

Historical Data

The origin of the town Goiás are closely linked to the history of the more or less official expeditions (bandeiras), left of Sao Paulo for exploring the inside of the Brazilian territory. An expedition, under the command of Fern. Dias Pais, explored the field of Minas (1673-81), and another expedition, under the command of Bartolomeu Bueno da Silva, explored the surroundings of Goias (1682), a number of gold. However, the discoveries of Minas are far superior and, from 1700, attracted a large number of people; the population of Brazil increased from 80,000 to more than a million in a few years. As a result of wars in the coastal regions, the attention again established on the territory of the country; in 1718 gold was found in Cuiabá (the capital of Mato Grosso), and three years later the son of Bartolomeu Bueno gold discovered in Rio Vermelho, where he was nominated the chief inspector of the mines of Goias. A year later drew the settlement of Santana and a chapel was built in 1729.

With a view to a better control of the mines of Goias, the Portuguese authorities decide to strengthen the regional government. In 1739, the governor of Sao Paulo chose Santana, who took the name Vila Boa the Goias. It was therefore always close doubled in size by the addition of a small administrative district. In 1748, Goiás was chosen as the seat of a new sub-district; the first governor was Dom Marcos the De Noronha (1749-55), which the modest village in a small capital. Under the first constructions is the Casa Fundição (1750) for the control of gold, governor's palace (1751), and the barracks (1751). Under his successors the city is continually improved, including the construction of the Casa the Câmara e Cadeia (1761), improvement of the roads and streets, construction of the fountains of Carioca Metro Station and the Cauda Chafariz, and the opening of a theater (1772-77). The governor Luis da Cunha Meneses (1778-83) planted trees, improved the street alignment, the public square of Chafariz, and opened a slaughterhouse (1778-83).  He also had the urban master plan drawn up (1782), which the city with a structure that has survived to the present day.

In 1770 an inevitable decline of gold mining and Goiás began in a long period of stagnation. It retained its status as the capital, but remained far behind in Rio de Janeiro, and so further progress was arrested. In 1935-37 his administrative position was removed but the townscape has remained intact. In 1950 IPHAN, conservation Brazilian authority, given the main churches and the barracks, and in 1951, the Casa da Câmara, the palace and the main locations in the center. The inauguration in 1960 of the new capital of Brazil, Brasilia, the region has a new impetus. Since 1980 Goias is revived with new constructions. Fortunately, the entire center area was by IPHAN for protection in 1978.

Source:whc/unesco

Historic Centre of the Town of Diamantina In Brazil

Historic Centre of the Town of Diamantina - Brazil

Short Report

Diamantina, a colonial village as a gem in a chain of inhospitable rocky mountains, recalls the adventures of diamond prospectors in the 18th century and is testimony to the triumph of the human cultural and artistic efforts on the environment.

Wide Report

Diamantina shows how explorers of the Brazilian territory, diamond prospectors, and representatives of the Crown could European models to an American context in the 18th century, causing a culture which true to its roots still not completely original. This urban and architectural group, perfectly integrated in a rugged landscape, is a beautiful example of a spirit of adventure combined with a quest for refinement that is so typical of human nature. The town is situated in the heart of the arid, rocky mountains of Brazil opened. It is in the State of Minas Gerais, 350 kilometers of Belo Horizonte and 710 km from Brasilia, on the slope of a hill, spread over a difference of height of 1.50 m. The country of the Diamantina area consists almost exclusively of quartzite rocks and schist, This region of the mountainous and colorful aspect, but also a bad permeable soil with a rupestrine vegetation.

The morphology of the town, inspired by the model of a Portuguese medieval city has developed in accordance with the continuity of the first settlement. The 18th-century urban area is finer without that the original character. The classification of roads, avenues, alleys and squares is the result of a natural occupation of the site, in view of the demanding topography, and reflects the movement grew between the mining hamlets of the last few years.

The center of the old town has a greater density and it is located on the ground floor that slightly slimmer than the edge. The architecture of Diamantina is of Baroque inspiration like most other mining villages in Brazil. However, a number of specific characteristics which distinguish it from the traditional Portuguese colonial model. The geometry and certain data confirm that the colonizers sought must be converted to a modest scale some of the characteristics of the architecture of their own country in their adopted land, as was also the case for music and art.

The streets of the town are paved with large, flat, gray or flagstones in such a way that they a kind of paving known as capistranas, named after President João Capistrano Bandeira de Melo, which he in 1877. This picturesque paving provides a contrast between the road and the casario, A regular adaptation of 18th- and 19th-century semi-detached houses, with one or two levels. Their facades, in bright colors on a white ground, are systematically borrowed from the same typology, and they give certain relationship with the Portuguese mannerist architecture.

Most of the churches and religious buildings in Diamantina are included in regular and homogeneous complex of the casario, usually standing back only slightly from the alignment. This reveals that the spiritual power is closely linked to the population, which is distinct from, and no doubt subordinate to this, temporal power, given the very few church squares and areas reserved for social had intercourse and public events. The construction of the churches is comparable with that of civil buildings: they have the same colors and textures; the churches have only a bell tower, usually in memory of the side of the building; the pediment carved in wood.

The town has a few architectural curiosities of interest, in particular the Old Market Hall built in 1835 and recently restored, the Passadiço, a covered footbridge in the colors blue and white wood surface of the Rua da Glória Marina, for the connection between the two buildings of the Eschwege Geology Center, The muxarabi of Antônio Além Torres library, a kind of balcony completely enclosed by a wooden grille, and finally the chafariz Rua Direita, near the cathedral, a sculpted fountain which ensures that those who drinks will return to Diamantina.

Historical Data

The town Diamantina is like an oasis in the heart of the arid and rocky mountains of Brazil opened. It is in the State of Minas Gerais, 350 kilometers of Belo Horizonte and 710km from Brasilia, on the slope of a hill, spread over a difference of height of 150m. The development in the 18th century in the southern Espinhaço Chain, at a height of 1200 m, surrounded by the Al Serro restaurant dos Cristais Jequitinhonoha in the valley of the river. The country of the Diamantina area consists of almost exclusively of quartzite rocks and schist, this region are mountainous and colorful aspect, but also a poor, from entering permeable areas soil with a rupestrine vegetation. The geological formations have both the beauty of the landscape and the economic development.

One of the expeditions undertaken in 1713 from Sao Paolo to the inside of the Brazilian territory has led to the creation of one of the settlements of the Arraial do Tijuco, which would later be Diamantina. Large quantities of diamonds were found on the slopes of the mountains and along the rivers in the region. If the best deposits were concentrated in the valley of the Tijuco stream, a small tributary of the Rio Grande, the banks were chosen as the location for a small hamlet Burgalhau. However, in contrast to what has happened in other Portuguese-speaking towns on the continent, such as Ouro Preto, the growth and the consolidation of the Arraial has led to the discovery in 1720 of an unsuspected source of wealth, diamonds. In this respect, the history of Diamantina differs from that of other mining towns in Brazil.

When the Portuguese Crown discovered the existence of this source of wealth in 1731, the setting up of a new institution for the management of the area, the Demarcação Diamantina, in which the former Arraial do Tijuco and other mining hamlets in the area. In 1734, the Diamond Intendancy who moved to Tijuco, already the largest settlement in the area. The Intendancy was responsible for controlling the extraction and sale of diamonds. There was the so-called 'duration of contracts,' founded in 1739, as mining rights were granted to private monopolies. In 1771, the Crown took back the property of this resource, and responsible for the management of the mining industry to the real Extração do Diamante who continue to operate until 1845. The royal monopoly was then handled by the Regimento Diamantino, which it was argued, was staffed by more administrators than soldiers.

As it was controlled by the State, Tijuco only a vila, that is to say, a unit larger than a hamlet but smaller than a city, until 1832, ten years after the creation of Brazil. Then, had the right to a private local government. It was only in 1838, in recognition of its importance at regional level, that Tijuco was promoted to the rank of the city. In 1845, the real Extração is dissolved and the mining lease contracts signed under the supervision of the Inspetoria dos Terrenos Diamantinos were canceled in 1906 with the dissolution of the Inspetoria itself. In the meantime, the first mechanical mining companies, diamond factory workshops and silversmiths goldsmiths, and were established in the region. Unfortunately, the discovery of richer and better quality deposits in South Africa, as a result, the dramatic collapse of the mining activities in Diamantina.

At the end of the 19th century, the utopia of a textile industry in Diamantina has led to the establishment of Biri Biri, an idyllic industrial establishment built in close coordination with the very scenic countryside, approximately 12 km from the city. Created from nothing to this dream, as the spontaneous villages founded by diamond hunters at the mining sites, the Biri Biri complex played a significant role in the local economy, at least for a while. The industry will not survive but the village site has lost nothing of its atmosphere and charm. In 1914 the train line was to Diamantina, which confirms that its role as an economic center and crossroads of the region. The railway closed in 1973. As the town kampen with as little inconvenience as the decline of mining in the 19th century, the old structure is well protected and survived almost intact.

Source:whc/unesco