Serra da Capivara National Park In Brazil

Serra da Capivara National Park - Brazil

A lot of rock protection in the Serra there Capivara national park is decorated with cave paintings about more than 25,000 years old. They are excellent witnesses of one of the oldest human communities of South America.

Wonderful Universal Importance

Many rock protection in the Serra there Capivara national park are decorated with cave paintings, about more than 25,000 year old. They are excellent witnesses of one of the oldest human communities of South America. The park is laid close to the town by São Raimondo Nonato. 220 kms in the south of Floriano and 5,230 kms of Teresina. More than 300 archaeological sides are found in the park, the majority of the rock and the mural paintings which date from 50,000 vor-30,000 to years. Determined geologic educations and palaeofauna that massive dalliers, horses, camelids and early llamas register that the ice age surroundings of this of the available medium dry conditions had passed away very much. The side must have been inhabited by the older men that the American continents. Shards of the broken wall found in the Pedra Furada protection the oldest tracks of the rock art appear in South America; on them it is dated in 26,000-22,000 B.C. In spite of the value of the rich archaeological elements discovered till this day this side is especially noteworthy because the cliff art pictures decorate the protection.

The protection in Serra there Capivara national park unusual report of the oldest human communities have populated South America and the preservation of the oldest examples of the rock art on the continent. In addition, the deciphering of the iconography of these cliff art pictures which is explained bit by bit that important aspects of the religious belief and the practise of it shows people.

Physiographically, the area is connected with the Piaui and Bom of Jesus acts Gurgeia areas of the northeast washing bowl. For 180 kms, 270 m high cliffs to model a border between two contrasting geologic zones: a level in the southeast and mountain ranges in the north-east. Erosion is hollow gulches and valleys in the mountain terrain. The scenery is characterized by mountains, valleys and open levels. The area is an important turning point, including the river valley system of Riacho Toca there Onca, Baixo Riacho there Lima, Riacho Bom of Jesus and the Gruta does Pinga. Typically for the medium dry area of the north-east of Brazil the vegetation is in a transitional zone between the central one and the Atlantic provinces.

The park exists primarily of the thick prickly undergrowth vegetation, famously, like caatinga, with one outbalancing dry by succulents controlled vegetation, water shortage-resistant deciduous prickly trees and bushes and other xerophytic vegetation is. Mouth isolated Flecke of the wood for the survival in some deep, narrow cliff gulches. This vegetation, including the Paläomundes more endemically genera and family representatives of the rain forest who were found in the area during the wet ice age by more than 11,000 BP is limited to the cliff gulches what a humidity during the dry season. Serra de Capivara is recognized how one of few protected areas within caatingas also other province appeared which is equipped with a vegetation type endemic in northeast Brazil. Containing unique kinds of animals and works unknown elsewhere. Typical fauna scarce in the caatinga thorn undergrowth, although enclosed, in the park noteworthy kinds are including the ocelot, the shrub dog, the rocky guinea pig, red-legged seriema and a kind of Tropidurus lizard.

Source:whc/unesco

São Francisco Square in the Town of São Cristóvão In Brazil

São Francisco Square in the Town of São Cristóvão - Brazil

São Francisco Square, in the center of São Cristovão, is a 4-asided clearing Misericórdia, the provincial palace and the suitable houses of different historical periods will surround by big old buildings like church of Sao Francisco and cloister, the church and the Santa Casa there around the square. This gigantic ensemble, together with the surroundings 18. and houses of the 19-th century, creates an urban scenery in the history of the town since his origin. The Franciscan complex is an example of the typical architecture of the religious order developed in northeast Brazil.

Wonderful Universal Importance

São Francisco Square, in the center of São Cristóvão, in the north-east of Brazil, is unusual and homogeneous gigantic ensemble compound from public and private buildings which representatives of the period are in which the Portuguese and Spanish crowns were combined. São Francisco Square is a logical and harmonious ensemble in which the patterns of the land use put up followed through Portugal and the standards for towns through Spain. Founded according to the length and width asks for the law IX of the Philippine regulations this square encloses the image of a place mayor in the colonial towns of the Hispanoamerikaners America, during in the urban pattern of a Portuguese colonial town in a tropical scenery. Consequently it can be looked as a noteworthy symbiosis of the urban planning of towns of Portugal and Spain. The middle-class and religious institution buildings from which the most important ones were the property of the church and the cloister of Sao Francisco around the square.

Francisco Square is the result of the combination of the ways of the land occupation and the settlement of Portugal and Spain according to which urban settlements were founded in the respective colonies. This property has a significant mixture of urban models, what during the union from less than one crown of two rivaling ones richly. Of the page ã o Francisco Square is an excellent example of a considered and coherent architectural ensemble which has been preserved as a social boundary stone of the town, and a place for important social and cultural expressions. It shows a paradigm of the uniform reasonable planning and adaptation to the specific qualities of the local topography.

Historical Data

São Cristóvão was the old capital of Sergipe del Rey; he shows that the occupation of the region and the development of the towns founded during the reign of King Philip II, during the 60-year period when Portugal was under the Spanish domain. The modes of territorial occupation and settlement used by Spain and Portugal in their American colonies between the 15th and the 17th century were striking. Portugal was a maritime trade network, and could occupy coastal areas in Africa and Asia for the creation of trade and colonial settlements in Brazil. Portugal occupied the Brazilian coast, founder port cities as nodes with Portugal and the other colonies. The urban plans of these settlements to the topography by adjustment of the layouts of local conditions.

The history of S. ã o Cristóv ã o is connected with the colonization of Sergipe if is because of the strong opposition of the family population, it was that an invariable communication between Salvador and Olinda, two urban main centers of the colony imperious. It was also important to have free access to the main rivers, often handicapped by French smugglers. To strengthen the colony in the conflicts with the Brazilian Indians and French smugglers Cristóv ã o of the Barros, the town of S. ã o Cristóv ã o, on the isthmus educatedly by the Poxim founded river, in the stream Aracaj ú area. The land was he by the king Philip II with the expectation that it would be divided among the colonists, the suggestion of the reconciliation process. The town in 1594-95 and in 1607 was moved to the present position. See ã o Cristóv ã was o the capital of Sergipe, the administrative and commercial center between Salvador and Recife and the starting point for the colonization inland at the middle of the 19-th century.

In 1855 the capital of the town Aracaj ú was transferred. See ã o Cristóv ã o, with his churches, loo star and worldly mansions, will remain as a testament to the past of Sergipe and Brazil. In 1938 it was explained a historical monument S. ã o Cristóv ã o by the government. Between 1941 and 1962 many monuments became in 1967 and the architecture, urban individually protected, and scenery ensemble of São Cristóvã was enrolled into the federal level in the archaeological, ethnographic and scenery-protective book.

Source:whc/unesco

The World Heritage Site Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Congonhas in Brazil

Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Congonhas - Brazil

This sanctum in Minas Gerais, in the south of Belo horizons was built in the second half of the 18-th century. There is of a church with a nice rococo inside of the Italian inspiration; one with images of the clairvoyants decorated stair; and seven chapels to illustrate the mountain Kalvarien where the multicolored sculptures of Aleijadinho masterpieces of a highly original one, the Bewegens, expressive form of the baroque art are.

Wide Report

In the 18-th century Minas was Gerais at full gave more than 30,000 Prospektoren in 1712. In addition, the devotion of these pioneers was for a noteworthy blossom of the religious art, full with baroque recollections under influence of the stream rococo responsibly and with the modern expressionist invention pregnant.

In Congonhas de Campoa was the wish of Portuguese foreign workers who were wonderfully cured of a Verkrüppeln illness, the beginning of the building of a Christian art the most unbelievable partnerships of monuments. Bury in the luxuriant scenery of the Brazilian highlanders the sanctum is an integral component of the scenery, that the full realization of the union of the nature, the person and the divinity of the Brazilian culture. The ensemble exists of Bom church of Jesus, completes in 1772 and is built on the point of the Morro Maranh ã act supra Enthusiastically by the sanctums of Bom acts of Jesus Motosinhos, not far from postage, and Bom of Jesus Braga in Portugal, the complex was completed in few more than 60 years of the hard work, as well as they were the first development, incredibly in his style, most known Brazilian artists and craftsmen. The church is an easy building in the tradition of the first religious buildings in Minas Gerais. However, after the death of his founder, Feliciano Mendess, in 1765 it was a deluxe establishment from rocaille and Rococo-like enthusiastically by Italian models, forms the original appearance around.

The church was the development of architect Franciscos De Lima de Cerqueira you and master master builder Domingos Antonio Dantas and Antonio Rodrigues Falcado, what greet the building in 1773. De Cerqueira greets you, was responsible in particular for the noteworthy innovations in the architecture of the church. This is for the development of a regional school of the architecture in his own right enough. The plan of the building develops along a single and wide way which ends in a main chapel where the altar is laid. On both sides of the main structure are two high towers, in a niche put in the line of the facade, and covers with domes comparably with this of the other chapels, but smaller. The facade is decorated an easy square open by a main entrance with the door posts, as well as by two windows. The upper department leads to a tympanum with a wave contour. Externally the complex is shown in the bright white plaster, broken by the reliefs in the bacon stone-stove can be thought that his profile along the grid of the stair, the corners of the towers, the coastal projection mark which comforts this gap the biggest part of the facade of the tympanum, reliefs of the main entrance and the tympanum itself. The reasons are repeated in that a little easier form for the chapels. 

While the outside represents the Brazilian baroque style, the decoration, the thinking one, the Italian culture with the establishment of a luxuriant rococo style which refers to the walls and covers and clearly is the base of the Schnitzens on the altar, the images and the pictures on the walls of the hall and the main gallery. Parvis whose rules began in 1770 the clairvoyant is decorated with twelve statues by Aleijadinho between 1800 and 1805. The Passos, seven the mountain Kalvarien which are taken up in small chapels were also carved by Aleijadinho between 1796 and 1800. The Christian art in Latin America reached his unquestionable zenith with Mehrfarbengruppen whose scenographic presentation strengthened the pathetic character. As already pointed out, with numerous opportunities with Aleijadinho half a race accepts born an aesthetic dimension which is unknown for Europe in Vila Rica, baroque sculpture.

Source:whc/unesco

Rio de Janeiro: Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea In Brazil

Rio de Janeiro - Brazil

Short Report

The site is an unusual urban setting encloses the important natural elements which have formed and have inspired the development of the town: from the highest points of the Tijuca to national parks the mountains to the sea. They also have the botanical gardens, founded in 1808, Corcovado mountain with his famous statue of Christ, and the hills all around of the Guanabara bay including the comprehensive sceneries sketched for it along the Copacabana bay which have contributed to the living culture of this sensational town. Rio de Janeiro also becomes for the artistic inspiration has recognized to musician, shovels and urbanists delivered.

Wonder Universal Importance

The town of Rio de Janeiro, educated by the interaction with mountains and the sea, has lain in the narrow one, robs to the alluvialen level between the Guanabara bay bay and the Atlantic. The extremely dramatic scenery is punctuated by a row of wooded mountains, that tower about the town, the highest point of the Tijuca of massif on 1,021 ms high, And below to the coast wavy falling where the precipitous wax candle forms of the sugar loaf (P ã o de ç ú car), Urca, Cara frame the C ã o and Corcovado the wide playground of the Guanabara bay bay which protects Rio de Janeiro of the Atlantic. Between the mountains and Guanabara bay the urban scenery of the town was formed by important historical events under influence of a variety of cultures, is looked by the big beauty and becomes in the arts, by the painting and poetry famedly in particular.

The property encloses all important natural, structural elements which have limited and inspiration for the development of the town. These stretch themselves from the highest points of the mountains of the Tijuca to national parks with his restored Atlantic wood, to the sea, and the botanical gardens in 1808, Corcovado mountain, with the statue of Christ, and the chain of dramatic precipitous hills, sugar loaf, Pico, and Glória yacht basin, Leme, about of the Guanabara bay, as well as the comprehensive sceneries sketched for it on regenerated along the Copacabana bay from which have contributed together with Flamengo and other parks, to the living culture of the town. The border encloses all best points to enjoy the nature, becomes a significant cultural part of the town, as well as the bay of the Guanabara bay system of the fortifications educated which gave the character of a strengthened town to Rio de Janeiro.

The thickest buildings of the town sit on the narrow one robbed of the alluvialen land between the mountains and the sea in irregular grapes of highly white blocks which contrast sharply with the green vegetation of the mountains and the blue of the sea. None of these buildings is enclosed in the property, but a big number are enclosed in the buffer zone.

The development of the town of Rio de Janeiro is formed by a creative mixture between the nature and culture. This exchange is not the result of running traditional processes, however reflects an exchange on the basis of academically, environmental ideas and design ideas which led to innovative developing scenery on a big scale in the heart of the town a little more than one century. These processes have to an urban scenery of the big beauty are led by many authors and travelers seen who has formed the culture of the town. The dramatic scenery of Rio de Janeiro has inspiration for many forms of the art, literature, poetry and music. Of image Rio, the bay, the sugar loaf and Christ the Einlöser statue have a highly global recognition factor since the middle of the 19-th century. Such high recognition factors can be positive or be negative: in the case of Rio is the image which was planned, and it is still planned, a fluctuating nice position for one of the biggest towns in the world.

Source:whc/unesco

Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis: San Ignacio Mini, Santa Ana, Nuestra Señora de Loreto and Santa Maria Mayor (Argentina), Ruins of Sao Miguel das Missoes In Brazil

Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis: San Ignacio Mini, Santa Ana, Nuestra Señora de Loreto and Santa Maria Mayor (Argentina), Ruins of Sao Miguel das Missoes - Brazil

The ruins of Sao Miguel das Missões in Brazil, and that of San Ignacio Miní, Santa Ana, Nuestra Señora de Loreto and Santa Maria la Mayor in Argentina, the core of a tropical forest. They are the impressive remains of five Jesuit Missions, build in the country of the Guaranis in the 17th and 18th century. Each is characterized by a specific layout and another state of conservation.

Description

The remains of the Jesuit Missions are excellent examples of a type of building and of an architectural ensemble that illustrate an important period in the history of Argentina and Brazil. The ruins of Sao Miguel das Missões in Brazil and San Ignacio Miní, Santa Ana, Nuestra Señora de Loreto and Santa Maria la Mayor in Argentina is located in the middle of a tropical forest. They are impressive remains of five Jesuit Missions, build in the country of the Guaranis in the 17th and 18th century. All these Guarani reducciones (settlements) are on the same model: the church, the residence of the fathers, and the regularly spaced houses of the Indians are around a large square. However, each of the reducciones is characterized by a specific layout and a different state of conservation.

San Ignacio Miní, founded in 1611, was twice, establishment in its current location in 1696. It contains important monumental remains: churches, residence of the fathers, schools. The ruins are accessible and in a relatively good state of preservation. It is the most prominent example of a reduccion kept in Argentine territory. Santa Ana, founded in 1633 in the Sierra del Tape was removed in 1638 to the bank of the Parana river and yet again to its current location, 45 km of Posadas. The ruins of the church, which are accessible through a monumental staircase, arising out of a forest. They are opposed to plunder after the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1767.

The Nuestra Señora de Loreto, founded in 1610, moved in 1631 to its current location 53 km of Posadas. The job included a print. The church and the founding fathers' house was built by Brother Bressanelli, as in San Ignacio Miní. The ruins of the Indian village of partially are cleared of vegetation. Santa Maria la Mayor, founded in 1626, has been moved to the current location in 1633. Not far from the ruins of the church, important remains of the place of residence of the fathers are still standing.

Sao Miguel, founded in 1632 on the site of Itaiaceco, was first transferred to Concepción, and then in 1687 to its current location on the banks of the Piratini. Not a single building of the village will be maintained; that everything visible are the foundations of the fathers' residence, the school and the walls of the cemetery, along with a few remnants of Indian habitations. On a web site that is regularly invaded by vegetation are the ruins of the church attributed to Father Gian Battista Primoli, a Jesuit architect of Milanese roots, known for its work in Buenos Aires, Cordoba and Concepción. This baroque church, completed in 1750, was destroyed by fire 10 years. It was restored in a somewhat during the year prior to the final expulsion of the Jesuits in 1768.

Source:whc/unesco

Historic Town of Ouro Preto In Brazil

Historic Town of Ouro Preto - Brazil

Founded at the end of the 17th century, Ouro Preto (Black Gold) was the focus of the gold rush and Brazil the golden age in the 18th century. With the exhaustion of the gold mines in the 19th century, the city influence decreased but many churches, bridges and fountains remain as a testimony of the past prosperity and the exceptional talent of the Baroque sculptor Aleijadinho.

Description

Located on a 513 km north of Rio de Janeiro Ouro Preto (Black Gold) was the center of gravity of the period is known as the Golden Age of Brazil. Originally called Vila Rica, this city has played a leading role in the Brazilian history in the 18th century. It was created by thousands of soldiers of fortune excited to enrich themselves by abuse of the gold; they were closely followed by many artists who live and produce high-quality, such as the Sao Francisco Assis church by Antonio Francisco Lisboa (Aleijadinho).

Ouro Preto, the old capital of Minas Gerais, owes its origin to the discovery and exploitation of the gold. The creation in 1698 of the -Capitana Hotel Sao Paulo e Minas do Ouro has led to the former mining settlements be converted into villas (small cities), the second Vila Rica, in 1712. Minas Gerais was a self-employed person -Capitana Hotel in 1720, with Vila Rica as capital. The growth of the city was fast as a result of the rich mineral resources, and developed a private urban functions typical of a mining town. In the last years of the 18th century it was a center of the movement for the emancipation of Brazil called Inconfidência Mineira of colonial domination. A rapid reduction of mineral resources and mining has led to the deterioration of the economy of this part of the province. In 1823 its status is changed to that of an imperial city, with the new name of Ouro Preto and this has attracted a number of higher education institutions, but with the transfer of the provincial capital in 1897 to Belo Horizonte the fortunes of Ouro Preto declined again. Since the 1930 is essentially a tourist center.

The town was formed by the merging of small settlements (arriais) in a hilly landscape, where the houses, mostly one or two floors, seem to support a irregular urban layout that the contours of the landscape. However, the resources derived from mining, linked to the talent of artists such as Aleijadinho and others, a number of striking architectural and artistic masterpieces. A 'extraction' Baroque style developed in the second half of the 18th century successfully fused Brazilian influences with European Baroque and Rococo. The church of Sao Francisco de Assis is considered a masterpiece of the Brazilian architecture. Ouro Preto also features a number of other beautiful churches and religious buildings, such as the church of Our Lady of the pillar-lady, the A. g. do Rosário dos Pretos Homens, the Virgin of the Conceição, and the Virgin of Carmel, the House of the Baroness, the chafarizes of the High Da Cruz and Alto of the head.

Tiradentes Park Square is the central point where all roads. Surrounded by imposing public and private buildings, such as the old Parliament House (1784), today the Museum of the Inconfidência and the Palace of the Governor, which has since the School of mines and metallurgy. The townscape of Ouro Preto is also noteworthy for the bridges and fountains, all mixing in an urban and natural surroundings of great beauty.

Source:whc/unesco

Historic Centre of the Town of Olinda In Brazil

Historic Centre of the Town of Olinda - Brazil

Founded in the 16th century by the Portuguese, the history of the city is connected with the cane sector industry. Rebuilt after being plundered by the Dutch, the urban structure dating back to the 18th century. The harmonious balance between the buildings, gardens, 20 baroque churches, monasteries and many small passos (chapels) all contribute to Olinda charm.

Description

The historic center of Olinda, where is located a few kilometers to the north of the port installations, industrial zones and skyscrapers of Recife, still has the charm of a city museum of the colonial period. Olinda was founded in 1537 by the Portuguese Duarte Coelho Pereira and debts the rapid increase in the cultivation of sugar cane in the Pernambuco region with slave labor. From the 16th century, churches and monasteries, of which there are only few examples, such as the church of São João exist today, were built by religious missions. The Dutch occupied the area from 1630 to 1654 and during the occupation a well planned city was built where current Recife is located. Pernambuco was skillfully governed by the Dutch and flourished with the production of sugar in the plantations are located in the rich alluvial soil along the coast. The invaders burned down Olinda, although they have a quiet and developed administration centerd in Recife.

Portuguese rule replaced by the Dutch in Pernambuco in 1654 and Olinda recovered; once again it was a major Brazilian village, as a developed cultural center. In the beginning of the 18th century is a bitter rivalry between Olinda, the administrative capital of the captaincy and the residence of rich aristocratic plantation owners and Recife, who was the commercial center, mainly occupied by traders, victuallers and warehousing. Recife continued to grow, although Olinda declined, and in 1827 it was the capital of the province. In 1817 Pernambuco was the scene of a local armed insurrection against Portuguese rule. It remained for many years a seedbed of but and revolutionary agitation, and it was the site of failed coups against Portuguese rule in 1821-22, 1824, 1831 and 1848. Pernambuco was a condition of the Brazilian Republic in 1891.

The essential urban structure of Olinda dating back to the 18th century, but it contains a number of older monuments. Among the more important buildings of Olinda, the Episcopal Church, the Jesuit College and Church (now the Church of Graça), the Franciscan, carmelite cloister is warmly welcoming its guests, Benedictine and other convents and monasteries, and the Misericórdia, Amparo and Sao Joao Batista churches. The unique quality of the Historic Center stems from the balance sheet, which in general is maintained, between the private and public buildings and the gardens of the early country awarded. It is a city full of unexpected vistas: one of the many baroque churches and monasteries and the many passos (chapels and oratories) appears unexpectedly when running a corner. The refinements of the decor of this conscious architectural structures contrasts with the charming simplicity of the houses are painted in vibrant colors or faced with ceramic tiles.

In the last few decades, Olinda, a city of art, much appreciated by artists - has been the subject of numerous precautionary measures. Notable buildings such as the Church of Graça, with the former Jesuit College, the monastery do Carmo and the Episcopal Palace are all more or less completely restored. The construction of new complexes is controlled by a master plan and the zone of protection was extended in 1979.

Source:whc/unesco

Historic Centre of the Town of Goiás In Brazil

Historic Centre of the Town of Goiás - Brazil

Short Report

Goias is testimony to the occupation and colonization of the plains of central Brazil in the 18th and 19th century. The urban layout is an example of the organic development of a mining town, adapted to the requirements of the site. Although modest, both public and private sector architecture forms a harmonious whole, thanks to the consistent use of local materials and techniques.

Wide Report

In the construction and architecture the historic city Goias is an excellent example of a European city excellent adapted to the climatic, geographical and cultural obligations of central South America. It is the development of a form of urban structure and architecture typical of the colonial settlement of South America to make full use of local materials and techniques, and conservation of the special setting. The urban layout is an example of the organic development of a mining town, adapted to the requirements of the site. Although modest, both public and private sector architecture forms a harmonious whole, thanks to the consistent use of local materials and techniques.

The origin of the town Goiás are closely linked to the history of the more or less official expeditions (bandeiras ), from Sao Paulo to explore the inside of the Brazilian territory. An expedition led by Fernando Dias Pais, explored the region Minas (1673-81), and another expedition, under the command of Bartolomeu Bueno da Silva, explored the region of Goias (1682), a number of gold. As a result of wars in the coastal regions, the attention again to the passenger compartment; gold was found in Cuiabá and in Rio Vermelho (the mines of Goias).

With a view to a better control of the mines of Goias, the Portuguese authorities decide to strengthen the regional government. In 1739, the governor of Sao Paulo chose Santana, who took the name Vila Boa the Goias. It was therefore always close doubled in size by the addition of a small administrative district. In 1748, Goiás was chosen as the seat of a new-; its first governor was Dom Marcos the De Noronha (1749-55), which the modest village in a small capital. Under the first constructions is the Casa Fundição (1750) for the control of gold, governor's palace and the army barracks. The city remained be improved, including the construction of the Casa the Câmara e Cadeia, improvement of the roads and streets, building of the fountains of Carioca Metro Station and the Cauda Chafariz and the opening of a theater. In 1782 the governor had the urban master plan, which the city with a structure that has survived to the present day. In 1770 an inevitable decline of gold mining and Goiás began in a long period of stagnation. In 1935-37 his administrative position was removed but the townscape has remained intact.

The town Goias is built between two series hills, along a river, the Rio Vermelho. The areas on the right bank are close to the north-western hills, and a popular character, indicated by the church of Rosario, which was traditionally reserved for the slaves. The areas on the left bank, bounded by the hills in the south-east, Are reserved for the more representative groups of buildings, including the parish church (now the cathedral) of Santana, Governor's Palace, the barracks, the Casa Fundição, extending to the Plaça do Chafariz and climb to the hill of Chapeu' is inserted' inserted do Padre. Here are also to be found the historic district and a characteristic market place.

The town is characterized by the harmony of the architecture, due to the size and nature of the buildings. Simultaneously, the history of the construction can be read in the variation of styles from the classic 18th-century buildings on the eclectic architecture of the 19th century. Goias went through a long period of stagnation in the 19th century to recent times. The townscape has not therefore has been the subject of any significant changes in the modern time, except perhaps for the reconstruction of the church of Rosario in Gothic Revival style in 1933. Otherwise, Goias is a good example of the display of the mining town of the 18th and 19th century, including the natural environment, which has remained intact.

Historical Data

The origin of the town Goiás are closely linked to the history of the more or less official expeditions (bandeiras), left of Sao Paulo for exploring the inside of the Brazilian territory. An expedition, under the command of Fern. Dias Pais, explored the field of Minas (1673-81), and another expedition, under the command of Bartolomeu Bueno da Silva, explored the surroundings of Goias (1682), a number of gold. However, the discoveries of Minas are far superior and, from 1700, attracted a large number of people; the population of Brazil increased from 80,000 to more than a million in a few years. As a result of wars in the coastal regions, the attention again established on the territory of the country; in 1718 gold was found in Cuiabá (the capital of Mato Grosso), and three years later the son of Bartolomeu Bueno gold discovered in Rio Vermelho, where he was nominated the chief inspector of the mines of Goias. A year later drew the settlement of Santana and a chapel was built in 1729.

With a view to a better control of the mines of Goias, the Portuguese authorities decide to strengthen the regional government. In 1739, the governor of Sao Paulo chose Santana, who took the name Vila Boa the Goias. It was therefore always close doubled in size by the addition of a small administrative district. In 1748, Goiás was chosen as the seat of a new sub-district; the first governor was Dom Marcos the De Noronha (1749-55), which the modest village in a small capital. Under the first constructions is the Casa Fundição (1750) for the control of gold, governor's palace (1751), and the barracks (1751). Under his successors the city is continually improved, including the construction of the Casa the Câmara e Cadeia (1761), improvement of the roads and streets, construction of the fountains of Carioca Metro Station and the Cauda Chafariz, and the opening of a theater (1772-77). The governor Luis da Cunha Meneses (1778-83) planted trees, improved the street alignment, the public square of Chafariz, and opened a slaughterhouse (1778-83).  He also had the urban master plan drawn up (1782), which the city with a structure that has survived to the present day.

In 1770 an inevitable decline of gold mining and Goiás began in a long period of stagnation. It retained its status as the capital, but remained far behind in Rio de Janeiro, and so further progress was arrested. In 1935-37 his administrative position was removed but the townscape has remained intact. In 1950 IPHAN, conservation Brazilian authority, given the main churches and the barracks, and in 1951, the Casa da Câmara, the palace and the main locations in the center. The inauguration in 1960 of the new capital of Brazil, Brasilia, the region has a new impetus. Since 1980 Goias is revived with new constructions. Fortunately, the entire center area was by IPHAN for protection in 1978.

Source:whc/unesco

Historic Centre of the Town of Diamantina In Brazil

Historic Centre of the Town of Diamantina - Brazil

Short Report

Diamantina, a colonial village as a gem in a chain of inhospitable rocky mountains, recalls the adventures of diamond prospectors in the 18th century and is testimony to the triumph of the human cultural and artistic efforts on the environment.

Wide Report

Diamantina shows how explorers of the Brazilian territory, diamond prospectors, and representatives of the Crown could European models to an American context in the 18th century, causing a culture which true to its roots still not completely original. This urban and architectural group, perfectly integrated in a rugged landscape, is a beautiful example of a spirit of adventure combined with a quest for refinement that is so typical of human nature. The town is situated in the heart of the arid, rocky mountains of Brazil opened. It is in the State of Minas Gerais, 350 kilometers of Belo Horizonte and 710 km from Brasilia, on the slope of a hill, spread over a difference of height of 1.50 m. The country of the Diamantina area consists almost exclusively of quartzite rocks and schist, This region of the mountainous and colorful aspect, but also a bad permeable soil with a rupestrine vegetation.

The morphology of the town, inspired by the model of a Portuguese medieval city has developed in accordance with the continuity of the first settlement. The 18th-century urban area is finer without that the original character. The classification of roads, avenues, alleys and squares is the result of a natural occupation of the site, in view of the demanding topography, and reflects the movement grew between the mining hamlets of the last few years.

The center of the old town has a greater density and it is located on the ground floor that slightly slimmer than the edge. The architecture of Diamantina is of Baroque inspiration like most other mining villages in Brazil. However, a number of specific characteristics which distinguish it from the traditional Portuguese colonial model. The geometry and certain data confirm that the colonizers sought must be converted to a modest scale some of the characteristics of the architecture of their own country in their adopted land, as was also the case for music and art.

The streets of the town are paved with large, flat, gray or flagstones in such a way that they a kind of paving known as capistranas, named after President João Capistrano Bandeira de Melo, which he in 1877. This picturesque paving provides a contrast between the road and the casario, A regular adaptation of 18th- and 19th-century semi-detached houses, with one or two levels. Their facades, in bright colors on a white ground, are systematically borrowed from the same typology, and they give certain relationship with the Portuguese mannerist architecture.

Most of the churches and religious buildings in Diamantina are included in regular and homogeneous complex of the casario, usually standing back only slightly from the alignment. This reveals that the spiritual power is closely linked to the population, which is distinct from, and no doubt subordinate to this, temporal power, given the very few church squares and areas reserved for social had intercourse and public events. The construction of the churches is comparable with that of civil buildings: they have the same colors and textures; the churches have only a bell tower, usually in memory of the side of the building; the pediment carved in wood.

The town has a few architectural curiosities of interest, in particular the Old Market Hall built in 1835 and recently restored, the Passadiço, a covered footbridge in the colors blue and white wood surface of the Rua da Glória Marina, for the connection between the two buildings of the Eschwege Geology Center, The muxarabi of Antônio Além Torres library, a kind of balcony completely enclosed by a wooden grille, and finally the chafariz Rua Direita, near the cathedral, a sculpted fountain which ensures that those who drinks will return to Diamantina.

Historical Data

The town Diamantina is like an oasis in the heart of the arid and rocky mountains of Brazil opened. It is in the State of Minas Gerais, 350 kilometers of Belo Horizonte and 710km from Brasilia, on the slope of a hill, spread over a difference of height of 150m. The development in the 18th century in the southern Espinhaço Chain, at a height of 1200 m, surrounded by the Al Serro restaurant dos Cristais Jequitinhonoha in the valley of the river. The country of the Diamantina area consists of almost exclusively of quartzite rocks and schist, this region are mountainous and colorful aspect, but also a poor, from entering permeable areas soil with a rupestrine vegetation. The geological formations have both the beauty of the landscape and the economic development.

One of the expeditions undertaken in 1713 from Sao Paolo to the inside of the Brazilian territory has led to the creation of one of the settlements of the Arraial do Tijuco, which would later be Diamantina. Large quantities of diamonds were found on the slopes of the mountains and along the rivers in the region. If the best deposits were concentrated in the valley of the Tijuco stream, a small tributary of the Rio Grande, the banks were chosen as the location for a small hamlet Burgalhau. However, in contrast to what has happened in other Portuguese-speaking towns on the continent, such as Ouro Preto, the growth and the consolidation of the Arraial has led to the discovery in 1720 of an unsuspected source of wealth, diamonds. In this respect, the history of Diamantina differs from that of other mining towns in Brazil.

When the Portuguese Crown discovered the existence of this source of wealth in 1731, the setting up of a new institution for the management of the area, the Demarcação Diamantina, in which the former Arraial do Tijuco and other mining hamlets in the area. In 1734, the Diamond Intendancy who moved to Tijuco, already the largest settlement in the area. The Intendancy was responsible for controlling the extraction and sale of diamonds. There was the so-called 'duration of contracts,' founded in 1739, as mining rights were granted to private monopolies. In 1771, the Crown took back the property of this resource, and responsible for the management of the mining industry to the real Extração do Diamante who continue to operate until 1845. The royal monopoly was then handled by the Regimento Diamantino, which it was argued, was staffed by more administrators than soldiers.

As it was controlled by the State, Tijuco only a vila, that is to say, a unit larger than a hamlet but smaller than a city, until 1832, ten years after the creation of Brazil. Then, had the right to a private local government. It was only in 1838, in recognition of its importance at regional level, that Tijuco was promoted to the rank of the city. In 1845, the real Extração is dissolved and the mining lease contracts signed under the supervision of the Inspetoria dos Terrenos Diamantinos were canceled in 1906 with the dissolution of the Inspetoria itself. In the meantime, the first mechanical mining companies, diamond factory workshops and silversmiths goldsmiths, and were established in the region. Unfortunately, the discovery of richer and better quality deposits in South Africa, as a result, the dramatic collapse of the mining activities in Diamantina.

At the end of the 19th century, the utopia of a textile industry in Diamantina has led to the establishment of Biri Biri, an idyllic industrial establishment built in close coordination with the very scenic countryside, approximately 12 km from the city. Created from nothing to this dream, as the spontaneous villages founded by diamond hunters at the mining sites, the Biri Biri complex played a significant role in the local economy, at least for a while. The industry will not survive but the village site has lost nothing of its atmosphere and charm. In 1914 the train line was to Diamantina, which confirms that its role as an economic center and crossroads of the region. The railway closed in 1973. As the town kampen with as little inconvenience as the decline of mining in the 19th century, the old structure is well protected and survived almost intact.

Source:whc/unesco

Historic Centre of São Luís In Brazil

Historic Centre of São Luís - Brazil

Short Report

The late 17th-century core of this historic town, founded by the French and occupied by the Dutch before under Portuguese rule has preserved the original rectangular street plan in its entirety. Thanks to a period of economic stagnation in the beginning of the 20th century, an exceptionally large number of beautiful historic buildings have been preserved, making this an excellent example of an Iberian colonial town.

Wide Report

The historic center of Sao Luis do Maranhão is an excellent example of a Portuguese colonial city that is adapted to the climatic conditions in equatorial guinea South America and is preserved urban structure, harmoniously integrated in the natural surroundings, with an exceptional degree. The late 17th-century core of this historic town, founded by the French in 1612 and occupied by the Dutch before under Portuguese rule has preserved the original rectangular street plan in its entirety. Thanks to a period of economic stagnation in the beginning of the 20th century, an exceptionally large number of beautiful historic buildings have been preserved, making this an excellent example of an Iberian colonial town.

The buildings of the town are disposed of on a rectangular grid of streets built in the 17th century. The cottages are built around courtyards, and the most striking examples are tiled roofs; facades faced with Portuguese azulejos or painted, ornate cornices; tall, narrow bay windows with decorated surrounds; and balconies with false or cast-iron railings. The floors are dressed stone. Facilities with regard to the tropical climate in which they were built were raised piers and shutters veranda on the inside. There are some 4,000 buildings in the old town. They may be classified in three categories.

The luxurious mansions were built by the wealthy bourgeoisie in the 18th century. Common characteristics are dressed stone door and window openings, some embellished with classic elements, triangular pediments, curved balconies, marble facades and wrought-iron grilles. Inside there are vestibules with marble or river pebble floors. A large staircase provides access to the upper floors in which the family lived, the ground floor is reserved for housing coaches and services. The surface area houses, sometimes up to four storeys high, often faced with marble. Balconies walk along the facades, in the front of the windows. They are elegantly forged or cast iron balustrades.

The third group, that of the small houses, is divided into 'full properties', with a central door and a window on website; 'half properties', with a door on one side and two windows next to each other, and simple door and window properties. They are one or two levels. Despite their modest form, many facades decorated with azulejos. In addition to the dwellings, which the largest part of the city the shares of historic buildings, there is a number of public buildings from the 19th and early 20th century, which largely in neoclassical style. The economic stagnation in the earlier part of the 20th century has led to the development of the historic urban structure was preserved to a remarkable. Only two buildings unexceptionable in modern style disturb the overall view.

Historical Data

In 1612 two Spaniard Alfonso of Louis Xl1I of France, in the service of Marie Médicis, were asked for a colony in the region, as part of the policy of the creation of a 'Equinoctial France' in Of.l. Daniel de la Touche, Mr de La Ravardière and its associated François the Razi.ly, Mr Razily et Aunelles, built a fort on the site of the abandoned -Capitana Hotel Maranhâo Trindade And Martim on the island, known for the Tupinamb * s India Upaon-açu river from and there is. Historians claim that there is poor a Portuguese and Spanish village, known as Nossa Senhora Nazaré, since 1531. The new fort was named Fort Saint-Louis in honor of the French king.

The French were weil received by the 27 tribes live on the island, but they were only two years. The Portuguese Jerônomo the Albuquerque drove them in 1615 after the battle of Guaxenduba. However, less than three decades later withdrew Maranhâo again a European colonial power. Envoys of Maurice of Nassau, from the Netherlands, took possession of the city in 1641 and kept it until 1643, when the own spirit has re-emerged as A rebel movement was organised by a local leader, Muniz Barreto; he was killed during the fight against the German occupation, but his successor. Teixeira de Melo, held the city until the Portuguese back.

Already in 1615, when the French had been expelled, Chief Engineer of the State of Of. L, Francisco Frias the Mesquita, visited Sao Luis to draw up plans for new fortifications of the liberated city. In addition, he has prepared an urban plan and this was used as a guide to the growth and development. Lt was on the basis of geometry regularity (perhaps the barrel of its type in Of.l), in contrast to the medieval layout of narrow, winding streets by the Portuguese in Rio de Janeiro, Recife and Olinda. Lt was served as the basis for the extension of what was .the beginning of the 17th century the capital of Maranhâo until the end of the 19th century.

At the end of the 17th century Sao Luis bad a population of around ten thousand, a figure that poor increased to seventeen thousand a century later. The economy of the city underwent major changes in this period as a result of a number of measures of the Marques Pombal, The First Minister of King José I The most important of these is the introduction in trade mark priority claimed, black slaves and the creation in 1755 of the Companhia Gerai Comercio Exterio do Grâo Para e Maranhâo. Sao Luis and Alcântara, the main maritime ports for the region, were integrated into the world trading system, export of rice, cotton and other regional products. The wealth which was led to a cultural flowering in both towns.

As Sao Luis developed in the 18th and 19th century in the early bouses pisé and straw were replaced by permanent structures in mortared stone and fin. Ished with lime, fish oil, wood and marble from Portugal. Has adapted to a bumid tropical climate were introduced, such as wooden veranda. The use of azulejos for the exterior trim was one of the most characteristic features of the architecture of Sao Luis.

It was the first town in this region of Brazil for the installation of a tramway network, a water and electricity company. The streets with gas, and a teleppone system. Lts prosperity was reinforced by the establishment of a number of textile companies. Which have left their mark in the form of imposing industrial buildings. However, the 20th century saw a long period of economic stagnation. Ali expansion came to an end in the 1920s and the city ofthat period is actually what is now identified as the History Tab Center Sao Luis. This was a major factor in the city to continue history tab : framework and functions.

Shource:whc/unesco

Historic Centre of Salvador de Bahia – Brazil

Historic Centre of Salvador de Bahia – Brazil

Short Report

As the first capital of Brazil, from 1549 to 1763, Salvador de Bahia witnessed the mix of European, African and indigenous cultures. It was also, from 1558, the first slave market in the New World, with slaves to work on the sugar plantations. The city has managed to retain many of the excellent Renaissance buildings. A special feature of the old town are the brightly colored houses, often decorated with fine its stucco-work.

Wide Report

Salvador de Bahia is an eminent example of Renaissance urban planning adapted to a colonial hotel with a top place of a defensive, administrative and operating nature which overlooks the city where commercial activities will concentrate on the harbor. The density of monuments, together with Ouro Preto, the colonial city is in the Brazilian Northeast. It is one of the main points of convergence of European, African and indigenous cultures in the 16th to the 18th century.

Salvador was the first historical capital of Brazil, because already in 1549, the Governor General, Thome de Souza, on the orders of João II of Portugal, was the seat of the royal administration. He played a leading economic and political role until 1763, when the seat of the administration was transferred to Rio de Janeiro. The upper town, located in the surroundings of Bahia Todos los Santos, was discovered in 1502 by Amerigo Vespucci and is preserved by its historical evolution. It was built on a ridge parallel to the Atlantic coast, making possible defense against the Spanish (1580) and the Netherlands (1624) attacks.

In the north and north-east, the lower town and the port does not retain their pristine nature, while on the other three sides population growth, which is extremely fast since 1966 as a result of the industrial development of the region, has resulted in the historic town is surrounded by a very dense urban area. The historic center itself, which rotates around the Pelourinho district with the triangular location is characterised by a view of the 16th-century plan, the density of the monuments and the homogeneity of the structure on a hilly and picturesque location asset which the urban environment by steep rising and falling view of incomparable beauty.

In addition to a number of important buildings of the 17 to 18th century, such as the cathedral and the monastery of St Francis, St Dominic, Carmel and St Anthony Salvador also owns a large number of 16th-century open spaces (Municipal Plaza, a House of Mercy) and the baroque palaces (archiepiscopal palace, Palace Saldanha, Ferrão Palace, etc. ). There are also many streets which are characteristic of the colonial city, coated with bright colored houses, which in some cases are equipped with high-quality stucco.

Source:whc/unesco

Brasilia - Brazil

Brasilia - Brazil

Short Report

Brasilia, a capital that ex nihilo in the middle of the country in 1956 was a milestone in the history of town planning. Urban Planner Lucio Costa and architect Oscar Niemeyer intended that each part - of the layout of the residential and administrative districts (often compared with the form of a bird in flight) the symmetry of the buildings themselves - should be in accordance with the overall design. The official buildings, in particular, innovative and imaginative.

Wide Report

Brasilia, a capital that ex nihilo in the middle of the country in 1956 was a milestone in the history of town planning. The 20th-century principles of cities, as expressed by Le Corbusier, rarely applied to the scale of the capitals. Only two important exceptions exist: Chandigarh and Brasilia. The creators intended for each element of the layout of the residential and administrative districts (often compared with the form of a bird in flight) the symmetry of the buildings themselves, must be consistent with the overall design. The official buildings, in particular, innovative and creative.

The idea of the establishment of a capital in the interior of Brazil is old has done on various occasions since the end of the 17th century. As the elected president of the Republic of Brazil in 1955, Juscelino Kubitschek was the creation of the capital a symbol of its policy to improve the image of the whole of the country, industry and major construction projects. In 1956 he was appointed to a commission to an exact location for the city and an executive body for the implementation of the construction work. In the same year, Oscar Niemeyer was Director of the Department of architecture and urban issues and Lucio Costa won the contest for the plan of Brasilia. This choice has back together the members of a team that already proved its worth, Le Corbusier previously consulted for this project.

The definition of an 'urban ideal based on the separation of functions, the integration of vast nature reserves and a street plan whose wide lanes broke with the tradition of narrower streets, was imprisoned in the theoretical training of Costa and Niemeyer. However, the practical development of a style meant that the primary functionalism of the International Style would be rejected in favor of solutions better adapted to the Brazilian context. In this context, it should be recalled that Niemeyer had built, in 1942-44 against Kubitschek's request, the group in Conference Centers, to have designed, in cooperation with Costa, the Brazilian pavilion at the New York World's Fair in 1939.

The Pilot Plan' Costa drawn up for Brasilia was one of the great expressive power. As he himself described, was born from the first gesture of someone on the designation of a place and take possession of: a cross formed by two bars which intersect at a right angle. This figure was then adjusted to the topography and the natural slope of the site: the orientation was improved by endless the arms of one of the crossbars. The curving north-south axis traces the layout of the broad transportation artery. Together, the residential areas divided into superquadrats, all virtually independent, and each with its own commercial and leisure centers, green spaces, schools, churches, etc.

Perpendicular to the east-west link, known as the monumental Axis, connects the administrative departments of the new town, which was the official capital in 1960. Oscar Niemeyer's most famous buildings were built. They are notable for the purity of their form and their clear monumental character, the result of a prudent balance between horizontal and vertical buildings, rectangular volumes and curved surfaces and the raw, raw materials and polished exterior of certain structures.

One of the most beautiful buildings in the urban landscape of Brasilia are situated around the Plaza of three powers, the Planalto-Paleis , or the hall of the Government, the Congress, with its two skyscrapers flanked by the dome of the Senate building and by the reverse cone of the House of Representatives, and finally the Supreme Court. Other structures of exceptional artistic quality are the Esplanade of the Ministers, the cathedral, the Pantheon of Juscelino Kubitschek and the National Theater.

Source:whc/unesco