Rideau Canal in Canada

The Rideau canal, a gigantic beginning of building of the 19-th century of 202 kms of the Rideau and rivers little Cataraqui preservation area As well as in Ottawa the south Kingstoner harbour on the lake Ontario, was built especially for strategical military purposes in a time that Great Britain and the United States to excel the control of the area. The side, one of the first canals is sketched especially for steam-powered containers for it also an ensemble of fortifications points in the leading role. It is the best preserved example of a slackwater canal in North America, that the use of this European technology on a big scale showing. It is the only canal which goes back to the big North American canal building age at the beginning of 19-th century, continue to work according to the original line with most of his intact structures.

Wonderful Universal Importance

The Rideau canal is a more strategical main canal built for military purposes has a determining role, that British troops for the protection of the colony in Canada against the United States of America which lead to the development of two different political and cultural bodies in the north of the American continent. This can be seen as an important stage in the history of the man. The Rideau canal remains the best preserved example of a slackwater canal in North America demonstrates the use of the European slackwater technology in North America on a big scale. It is the only canal which goes back to the big North American canal building age at the beginning of 19-th century, this continues to function according to the original line with the biggest part of the original intact structure. The Rideau canal is a rich and well preserved and clear example of a canal which was used for military purposes linkedly with an important phase in the history by human rights - this of the fight for the north of the American continent.

The called property contains the main elements of the original canal together with the relevant following changes in the form of watercourses, dams, bridges, forts, the stations and the neighboring archaeological springs. The original plan of the canal, as well as the form of the canals, has remained intact. The Rideau canal has fulfilled his original dynamic function as operational inland waterways without interruption since his building. Most castle gates and flaps still served with the hand done hoists.

All elements of the called area (canal, united buildings and forts) are protected as national historical boundary stones in the historical sides and monument law in 1952-3. A buffer zone is put. Repair and servicing of the locks, dams, canal walls and banks under the direct supervision of park Canada. Every year a third of the canal the property is examined by engineers thoroughly. Therefore, there is a whole stock on hand of the preservation status of all parts of the property. An administrative plan exists for the canal (completes in 1996 and updates in 2005), and the plans approach execution for the fort Henry and the Kingstoner fortifications. The canal plan is supported by the historical canal-regulation execution mechanism for activities which could have an influence on the cultural values of the monument.

Historical Data

As a result of the American war of the independence to moved thousands of people who remained loyally compared with the British crown, the north to Canada. The government began immediately to identify areas which suit for the development of the settlements for the follower. The small Cataraqui preservation area As well as the Rideau rivers one of the areas are overlooked and before 1800, several mills were built, in Kingstoner mills in 1784 only. Within a few years there were mills in most main cases along the rivers. But the difficulty of the navigation along the rivers in the north of the river st. Lawrences, the main establishment, hindered a lot of concentrated development.

The impulse for the improvement of the waterway, but did not come from the agriculture or other economic stimulus, however, from the needs for the defense. The war in 1812-1814 between Great Britain and the United States of America had the vulnerability of the river st. Lawrences, the main care line for the colony opposed. If not only it was slow with several rapids, but this was vulnerable for attacks of America along a lot from his length between Montreal and lake Ontario. After the end of Feindschaften America is still seen as a potential threat and the need for a sure military way an important need. Consequently military planners dealt with the small Cataraqui preservation area As well as the Rideau to rivers. After a research mission at the end of the war the canal project became in in 1824-1825, begun with two studies, one of engineer Samuels, commanders in chief of the army know at the request of the authorities of upper Canada, and other on request about the duke of the wellington, then. The strategical dimension of the canal, the British government to meet the costs of the fulfilment.

The lieutenant-colonel John by the royal engineer's trading company was appointed by the British government to supervise the building of the canal in 1826. Before his appointment military engineers had worked out a pattern for the building of new canals to get rid of the quick fluent rivers and of marshes along the rivers. This would have led away to 40 kms of new canals along the 202 km long one. By a different approach and taken up the government to accept a 'slackwater' system that the level of the water about the fluent rivers and marshes thoroughly the use of high ditches. This led to a practical way with the smallest excavation. By the canal also persists to meet the steamboats introduced recently then, and must go to dams, they were bigger and broader than what, till present built, in North America. Canal building began in 1828 and about 6,000 employees in multiple positions along the canal. The complete length was navigable in 1832.

The choice of the way for the Rideau canal and the use of a loose water canal-design, were under influence of the development of the land where the canal was. In many parts of Europe, for example, owners of the bank land, the water mills and the fishing rights of the change would oppose in the river in such a system. Slackwater canals are lighter and to build still less workers. Consequently this method is selected instead of a more expensive customary canal where the surroundings, as the case with the Rideau canal was. As with many canals the Rideau canal seems to be formed as a catalyst for the development. Ottawa grew up around the canal and southern direction of Ottawa river, and elsewhere there originate towns on the canal banks. This is combined a typical example of the economic development with canals and reflects the development of towns after the canal house elsewhere in the world.

The Rideau canal has survived almost in his original state as it was with the detour after the improvement in relations between the United Kingdom and the UNITED STATES and the development of the a lot of bigger Saint Lawrences Seaways. The military capacity is never put to the proof. Now functions, primarily, as a waterway for the leisure craft.

Source:whc/unesco

Red Bay Basque Whaling Station In Canada

Red Bay Basque Whaling Station - Canada

The Red Bay founded by the Basque seamen in 16th century, in the point of the northeast of Canada on the banks of Détroit of Island of Beauty is an archeological site that the most full and the best, first preserved evidence of the tradition of European whaling. Gran Baya, he was called by those who founded the station in the course of 1530s, was used as the foundation for the hunt of coastal region, to meet at least, the interpretation of fat of whale by post for the production of oil and storage. It was an important source of whale been sent in Europe where it was used for illumination. The site, which is used in summer months, by including the fragment to return ovens, cooperages, quays, temporary units and graveyard, group with submarine remains vessels and stores of bone of whale. The station was used for 70 years, before the population of local whale is reduced.

Wonderful Universal Importance

Found in Labrador, in northeast of Canada, on the coasts of Détroit of Island of Beauty, the Red Berry is a maritime foundation Arctic for the Basque seamen in 16th century. It is the most full and the best, oldest preserved archeological obviousness of a pre-industrial whaling. It was used for coastal whaling in summer, butcher of whales and interpretation of oil and storage. The whale was sold in Europe especially for illumination. Ownership is made up to remain to return ovens, cooperages, quay, space to live and a graveyard, group with the underwater wrecks of ships and stores of bone of whale. The Station of whaling of Basque of Red Berry is a very good example of the tradition of whaling adopted by Basques in 16th century for the production of oil which was transported for sale in Europe. From the point of view of the diversity of archeological sound it stays, is the station of the most sprawling and the best preserved and the most sprawling whaling of this type. The Station of whaling of Basque of Red Berry is comprehensible group of archeological elements to illustrate the establishment of a proto-industrial process of production on a large scale of whale, in 16th century.

Source:whc/unesco

Old Town Lunenburg in Canada

Old Town Lunenburg - Canada

Castle Lunenburg old town is the best preserved example of a planned British colonial settlement in North America. Founded in 1753, the origin layout and the whole appearance, being based on a rectangular grill pattern raised in the country of origin. The inhabitants have insured of the town identity before the centuries by the preservation of the wooden architecture of the houses and public building from which some go back to the 18-th century and an excellent example of a maintained general architectural tradition. The economic base is traditionally the Atlantic foreign fishing-products from which the future is highly dubious in this time.

Old Lunenburg Municipal is an example preserved well from the 18th century the British colonial cities, in who no significant change since its foundation and which continues greatly meeting economic and social purposes in which he was conceived. Particular interest is its various and well preserved common architectural tradition, which stretches in the course of more than 250 years. It is a very good example of a metropolitan area and a culture conceived and founded on the products of fishing off Atlantic which is subjected to irreversible change evolve in a form which is still not defined absolutely.

Wider Report

Lunenburg is a city remarkably well preserved and the one who keeps the most part of the qualities of the original British model colonial regulations, by preserving his status as a community absolutely working in the modern world. Lunenburg was the narrow peninsula which was constructed in 1753 for the first time officially disposed, when the German, Swiss and French immigrants Montbéliardian came to Nova Scotia in a plan of British colonization. A plan of rigid grill went certainly on the slope of the rigid hill of the harbour. The new regulations were called as the Royal Home of Brunswick-Luneberg, which would draw the kings Hanoverian of England. The 1453 greatly eloquent Protestants German who emigrated to Lunenburg in 1752-53 represent the German regulations most North in North America in 18th century. The German customhouse and the German language survived unusually the long period in Lunenburg, because of relating isolation.

Lunenburg is the second British colonial 'model ' plan of the city, after Halifax (1749). The model is an aspect mattering from imperialist policy of the British men, the necessary functional space for the good functioning of a colony. The plan of Lunenburg (1753) included all principles of the model city: geometrically regular streets and blocks; the distribution of the public space; expenses of fortifications; and a differentiation is made between the urban and non-urban regions. Of these but fortifications survive in actual Lunenburg.

The disposition of the existent city keeps almost as a whole the model of the middle of the 18th century. Plan was made up of six divisions of eight blocks, every block is then subdivided in fourteen holidays. The founder is a city and a much bigger 'garden ' outside the borders of the city. A party of the city was not divided in lots, to act as a public earth of maneuvers. The site of the city, that in those days existent convention was made up of seven norths-south streets, 12.5 m of open sea (except for King's street, which is 24.4 m of open sea), cross sections by nine streets west - is, each 12.2 m of open sea, Create blocks which are more divided into 14 many 12.2 m in 18.3 m. The architectural supply the Old City of Lunenburg is remarkably uniform and consistent. More than 95 % of buildings are constructed of some wood, many of them with the technology of building of landscape slides lightly movable which is unaccustomed in North America.

The period of foundation in 18th century is represented by at least eight buildings to run lightly the case of landscape slides (wooden frameworks filled with the horizontal shelving). They were constructed to the one near other one and on streets, with the height augmented with the views of the harbour. The two thirds of buildings Lunenburg dating the 19th century. The previous examples are the tradition of the 18th century. The drawing of the building of houses is repeated in the commercial buildings and buildings head-on of sea where wood prevails. The same applies to churches: the oldest second Protestant church in Canada, the Anglican street church John, begun in 1754, in experts' opinion an example of ' Gothic Finish carpenter ' with more perfect sound.

With the aim of the inherent conservatism of the inhabitants of the city as regards their houses and consideration of attention am given to restore historical houses in their original state, the genuineness of top on count. The frame and the establishment of the city itself are changed at least since 1753, only defence is left. Wood remains the equipment of the most important building from a distance and traditional techniques are supported by restoration makes on the older buildings.

Historical Data

Lunenburg was the narrow peninsula which was constructed in 1753 for the first time officially disposed, when the German, Swiss and French immigrants Montbeliardian came to Nova Scotia in a plan of British colonization. A flat of rigid grill went certainly on the slope of the rigid hill of the harbour. The new regulations were called as the royal home of Lunenburg Brunswick-Lüneberg, which would draw the Rois de l' Angleterre. The 1453 greatly eloquent Protestants German who emigrated to Lunenburg in 1752-53 represent the German regulations most North in North America in 18th century. The German customhouse and the German language survived unusually the long period in Lunenburg, because of relating isolation. Lunenburg is the second British colonial 'model ' plan of the city, after Halifax (1749). The model is an aspect mattering from imperialist policy of the British men, the necessary functional space for the good functioning of a colony. The model of the new towns in colonies was taken up by the chamber of commerce of Administration and plantations. The plan of Lunenburg (1753) included all principles of the model city: geometrically regular streets and blocks; the distribution of the public space; expenses of fortifications; and a differentiation is made between the urban and non-urban regions. Of these but fortifications survive Lunenburg in the present day.

The town is at the home in the oldest uninterrupted adoration of the believers Lutherans and Presbyterians in Canada, both established in 1753. In 19th century the city developed a strong economy based in peach and shipbuilding. These areas developed in 20th century. In 1850 the first fleet sent to the Big Banks; in the 1870the revolution in industry with introduction of ' gold double ' the peach of trawl-net; in 19205 was in the first rank of the development of treatment of cool fish in Canada; and a fleet of subventions is the foundation for the biggest fish of Canada now treating trawlers of plant and. Lunenburg is and remains a center mattering for shipbuilding industry and attached industries. It is one of very few communities in North America where addresses shipbuilding traditional must always be found.

Source:whc/unesco

L’Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site In Canada

L’Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site - Canada

At the end of the big northern peninsula of the island of the Newfoundland the places to stay of a Viking's settlement of the 11-th century are proofs of the first European presence in North America. The dug out one remains from wooden frame veen peat building are similar to those which are found in Scandinavian Greenland and Iceland.

Statement of Significance

This archaeological site in the tip of the big northern peninsula of the island of the Newfoundland contains the dug out one remains from a Vikings-settlement existence of the 11-th century from wooden peat-buildings (houses, workshops, etc.) which are identical with those of Scandinavian Greenland and Iceland in the same period. The position is unique proofs frühsten known European presence on the American continent. L'Anse aux meadows the first and only known side is founded by Vikings in North America and the frühsten proofs of the European settlement in the new world. As such it is a unique landmark in the history of the human wandering and discovery.

Wide Report

In the tip of the big northern peninsula of the island of the Newfoundland the places to stay of a Viking's settlement of the 11-th century are proofs of the first European presence in North America. The dug out one remains from wooden frame veen peat building are similar to those which are found in Scandinavian Greenland and Iceland. Registers in 1960, dug out from 1961 to 1968 and then from 1973 to 1976, and become through park Canada since1977, the Epaves bay protected archaeological side which is laid in the nearby Anse aux meadows on the northern tip of the Newfoundland, is in the history of the settlement Rwarica of big meaning. The frühsten signs of the human activity back about 5000 years and under the prehistoric and protohistoric the populations which has got to generate a certain branch of Eskirms (Dorset Eskimo), which have been shown to have been by chance A.D. 400-700. A temporary classification for Fischer, gets stuck the coast which is laid on the coast by peat, Appearing for about one century to have been given up. During the 9-th century these became of the archaic local population comparably with this of during the historical age, the Beothuk' Indians ' descendants restored.

Till 1500 the population remains quasi-lasting measures, many tracks found in the bay and the surroundings area. This occupation, or seasonally or lastingly, was not the only presence in the area. The unusual importance from l'Anse aux meadows originates exactly from a temporary Viking's settlement of eight houses, smiths of a smith and four workshops. The excavations gave in detail reported information about the settlement, tools and the life style of the inhabitants. The big houses (which measured most spacious ones, 24 ms and a width of 4.5 ms and 19 ms by 14 ms) are characterized by the used building technologies Which are comparable with that Norway during the same period: a structure with peat of the natural doubts (peat marsh; a kind primarily gabled roof; thick peat distributes on the grass scar-floors; decoration of the rooms, chimneys and openings. The found objects are marked with a number which is clearly within the categories of Vikings-art products like a Steinöllampe, a balance, a birch bark for a ballast stone etc.

Close to the forge, low wave kiln (partially preserved) a deposition of found snails. The 50-odd hammered iron objects (nails, rivets, buckles, etc.), In the houses and workshops were found, meet the normal typology of late Viking's settlements along the Norwegian coast. The excavation of L'Anse aux meadows took place on a vulnerable place, followed by the comprehensive lab research. This was thanks to a paläoökologischen study use-seed and pollen fossils, with a reconstruction of the long time scenery and surroundings of this human settlement possibly. In spite of the noteworthy achievements of his archaeological one remains, L'Anse aux meadows is an excellent property of the human inheritance. It is valuable and thus the far unique landmark in the history of the wandering, and the discovery of the universe: it is the oldest settlement of the European origin in America.

Source:whc/unesco

Landscape of Grand Pré In Canada

Landscape of Grand Pré - Canada

Positioned to the southern Minas Basin of Nova Scotia, the Grand Pré swamp and archaeological sites are cultural scenery with the report of the development of the agriculture agricultural land with dykes and aboiteau sluis wooden system, started with the Acadians in the 17-th century and are developed and maintained by the planters and present inhabitants. More than 1,300 hectares, the cultural scenery great Pr é and Hortonville, built by the Acadians and her successors encloses a big comprehensive polder land and archaeological elements of the towns. The scenery is an unusual example of the adaptation of the first European colonists to the conditions of the North American Atlantic coast. The side - characterizes by one of the mostly extreme tidal ranges in the world, annual average 11.6 ms - residence life and compulsive dispatch, begun is also enrolled as a monument for the academy broad in 1755, known as the great Dérangement.

Wonderful Universal Importance

The Gand Pr é marshland and the places to stay of the old villages are the cultural landscape with the report of a substantial strain in the course of many centuries, the polder technology using to develop land in the lake position with extreme tides. In particular it shows the duration of the hydraulic drainpipe with dykes and aboiteaux and his use in the agriculture by a communal-founded administrative system founded by the Acadians and then taken up from the planters and her modern successors. Great Pr é is also witnesses of the history of the Acadians in 17. and the 18-th century and their compulsive dispatch.

Great Pré forms a gigantic area of marshes or marshes where the space distribution and grain agriculture practise have three centuries. It is the most important example of his kind in North America. The agriculture scenery is complemented with the stripe of the land departmental method along the coastal zone, is report of the French settlement of the 17-th century. The hydraulic system is based on an exemplary ensemble of ditches, aboiteaux Evacuate of the water and the sanitary equipment. These technologies and communal-founded management to continue today. The house points archaeological in the leading role great Pr é and Hortonville witness of the settlements and life styles of the academy broads remains from the villages residence colonists and her successors.  The property and the scenery are tracks of the main ways which crossed the marshland and organized the adjoining coastal zone. The position of great Pr é village and the Horton landing has built commemorative building and monuments in the 20-th century as a tribute to academy broads Wohnsitz-Vorfahren and her expulsion, in 1755 beginning. The complete property forms the symbolic relation scenery for the academy broad residence memory and the main position for the memory.

Wide Report

The nominated property passes of 1,323 hectares dykelands, known elsewhere as a polder, and mountain ranges on the southern edge of the Minas washing bowl, an east arm of the bay of Fundy in the west mainland Nova Scotia. It is taken by flussGaspereau in the east, the Cornwallis river to the western, long island in the north and parts of the communities by great Pr é, Hortonville and deep Wolfville the south. Controls the wide background, beyond the called area, cape which extends Blomidon in the washbasin as an immediately recognizable boundary stone. The called property encloses the dykeland part which the Acadians did in the 17-th century which the generations following on each other of farmers have spread out.

It also encloses noteworthy representing parts of the academy broads residence settlement and the present agricultural community, as well as the complete pattern introduced for the new planters of England, a town in the grill of the United Kingdom. No clear historical recording marks the borders of 17. and community of the 18-th century of great Pr é. Really historical books and maps use alternately the names Great Pr é and Les pits to expel washing bowl and the claimed back lands suitable marsh between the Rivière-aux-Canards (canard river) and the Rivière Gaspareau (Gaspereau river) to the general area beside the Minas. Other recordings Also confirm the presence of the academy broads residence settlement on the highland part of the called property. Now the heart of the academy broads residence settlement is defi Ned by a concentration archaeological the traditional place of the Bleibens of the parish church of the Heilig-Charles - de pits and the crossroad of the main streets remains from houses, fi calling card pattern, the cemetery.

The southeast corner of the appointed building including the report of the planned British town grill in Hortonville. The grill is defi Ned by the railroad routes king a street, and middle street of the east to the west and Horton cross street, quay street, and Patterson street leads the north south. Today, the agricultural community around dykelands and distances above the hills to the Gaspereau river. The called house shows the heart of the academy broads to residence settlement and the British town grill in the leading role. Since then fi rst academy broad Wohnsitz-Ansiedlung in the 17-th century people worked constantly this dykelands. The complex also shows parts of the small village great Pr é in the leading role which has provincially and town district of called heir's qualities and some local services, plus farms on the hills and comprehensive fi elds and meadows to guest. The core of the called property as well as the academy broads residence settlement is a great Pr é national historical side of Canada.

The national historical sites contains of the plaque gardens, the commemorative church, cemeteries and many other memoirs the academy broad residence-compulsive dispatch. By handy and not handy proofs this unusual scenery illustrates the hard surroundings, the genius of the dune restoration - dyking system, the productiveness of the land and his symbolic restoration by academy broads Wohnsitz-Leute.

Historical Data

Since 1680 if a small group of the academy broads residence colonists is connected for the first time in the area and comprehensive wetlands la more splendidly pr é, the human history by great Pr é with the natural surroundings and the unusual fertility of the land through the sea. The first colonists were isolated. They were a long way from the house and became mainly from the different French and British authorities is ignored controlled. The colonists have close ties with the local Mi'kmaq, the local population of Nova Scotia - not only in great Pr é, however, elsewhere in Acadie - if they approach with the natural surroundings and began to demand fertile land of the sea by ditches.  All these factors have contributed to the development of a new and own identity. Although the French origin in the course of the second half of the 17-th century they came to feel as belonging l'Acadie, Acadiens and Acadiennes. During 70 years for her enforced reposition in 1755, academy broad Wohnsitz-Gemeinschaft von Grossartigem Pr é an environmental management approach which were elsewhere in Acadie.

Acadians took European practise, develops for wetlands and salt frying pans and adapted itself many different surroundings in Acadie to them. Confronted with the highest registered tides in the world, the Acadians in great Pr é worked for three generations to reshape 1,300 ha of the tidal marsh in the farmland more than. The agricultural land was - is and still - something the best land in North America. In 1760 five years, after the Acadians were deported by great Pr é fi rst and scattered worldwide, a rate was regulated by new planters of England by great Pr é to about the lands. And then when now, the converted marsh of the primary foci was the inhabitant. As the Acadians before them the new planters of England in the great Pr é area developed his own strong connections with the land and her rural life-style. Today the great Pr é dykeland remains extremely fertile, and the main qualities of the original dyked area will remain in the place. Then, from the end of the 19-th century and today, great Pr é develops as the most important place memoire of the academy broads residence people. Monuments and commemorative plaque-gardens were created in addition to converted marsh to the old the academy broad residence pattern in the memory of the abolition of the people in 1755, and celebrate the vitality of the academy broads residence community. This last change completed the symbolic restoration by the Acadians of the farmland where they moved by force.

Source:whc/unesco

Historic District of Old Québec In Canada

Historic District of Old Québec In Canada

Short Report

Quebec was founded by the French discoverer Champlain in the early 17th century. It is the only North American city to retain the ramparts, together with the many bastions, gates and defensive works which still Old Quebec. The upper town, built on the rock, remained the religious and administrative center, with its churches, monasteries and other monuments such as the Dauphine Redoubt, the Citadel and Chateau Frontenac. Together with the Lower Town and the old districts, the urban ensemble is one of the best examples of a reinforced colonial city.

Wide Report

Quebec illustrates one of the most important stages in the population and the growth of the American Continent during the modern and contemporary period. When Samuel De Champlain founded Quebec, the capital of New France, in 1608 he chose the natural grounds of a steep plateau overlooking the St Laurent River. The old heart of the city was established on the headland, Cap-aux Diamants, protected by Fort St Louis.

Quebec, which was a fortified city, a center of population and a harbor where ships goods from Europe and responsible for the valuable pelts from the Great North, had a urban organization very early on and such a classification derived from these different functions. The cliff of course divided the city into two districts: the district of business, exchange, and the marine is located in the downtown and the administrative and religious center which was gradually in the upper town. According to the English domination of 1759 to 1867 urban growth remained within the limits of the site, so the city expanded to the west, all the way to the city walls built in 1720 by Gaspard Chaussegros de Léry.

The construction of a citadel in the most south-eastern end of Cap-aux Diamants by the technician Elias Durnford from 1819 to 1831 and the extension of the system of forts around the city the whole circumference were in accordance with the original planning of the city and gave Quebec the current topographical characteristics. The city is an early example of urban conservation of the cultural heritage as a result of the action of Lord Dufferin, those of 1875 and 1880 took a stand against the demolition of the fortifications, which from a strategic standpoint, was useless. He just cut new gateways to the city. From the beginning of the 20th century, so well before being classified as a historical monument in 1957, the fortress walls of Quebec were kept by the Canadian government funds.

The oldest districts are located in the lower town in the vicinity of the Place Royale, which together with the Rue Notre Dame is coated with old 17th- and 18th-century houses. Notre Dame des Victoires Church which was built from 1688 according to Claude Drost the plans and was burned down during the Siege of 1759, was rebuilt during the English domination. In the Upper Town, the monasteries of the Jesuits (1625), the Recolletés (1629) and the Ursulines (1642) he ), together with the Seminary (1663), are not retain their original form. Despite the vicissitudes of the history (the siege of 1759, Large fire in the 18th and 19th century) they have retained a part of the original elements. Of the 700 old civil and religious buildings which, 2% dating back to the 17th century, 9% to the 18th century and 43% for the first half of the 19th century. Simultaneously, the city has its current aspect that strongly influenced by the Baillairgés, a dynasty of architects who for several generations, an interesting interpretation of the neoclassical style.

A coherent urban ensemble, Quebec's historic district, including the citadel, the Upper Town defended by walls with bastions and the downtown with its harbor and old neighborhoods, offers an excellent example of a reinforced colonial city, by far the most complete in North America .

Source:whc/unesco

Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump In Canada

Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump In Canada 

Short Report

In the south-east of Alberta, the remains of marked trails and a aboriginal camp, and a leachate and water where huge quantities buffalo meat (American Bison) skeletons can be found, are evidence of a custom practiced by indigenous peoples of the North American plains for almost 6,000 years. With their excellent knowledge of the topography and buffalo behavior, they kill their prey by chasing them on a precipice; the carcases were later divided into the camp.

Testimonial of importance

The interpretation of the landscape of Head-Smashed -In Buffalo Jump is located in the cultural, archaeological and scientific interest. The deep layers of bison bones buried under the cliff represent nearly 6000 years of use of the buffalo jump by aboriginal people in the Northern plains. This landscape is an excellent illustration of subsistence hunting techniques that are still in the late 19th century, which is still part of the 'traditional knowledge base' of the Plains nations. It throws valuable light on the life and habits of traditional hunting cultures elsewhere in the world.

Wide Report

Located in south-west Alberta, Head-Smashed -In Buffalo Jump is one of the most important hunting sites identified. On the edge of a landscape of hills and highlands cut by natural corridors, high sandstone cliff dropping off in the east. This coastal area exemption is ideal to primitive methods of hunting. For thousands of years the indigenous people of the sand plains hunted the North American bison. The plains Indian lifestyle have become dependent on hunting buffalo, and they apply many hunting techniques for their livelihood. The most advanced technique developed by the indigenous population was to kill buffalo buffalo jump. Head-Smashed -In Buffalo Jump is one of the oldest and best preserved sites of this species and its extensive drive lane complex and deep archaeological guarantee still intact.

The site was used for the slaughter of bison from 3600 BC 2600 BC, than occasionally to 900 BC, and finally, continuously from AD 200 to 1850. For the first time in 1938, since 1960 has been the object of systematic excavations which have considerably enriched with the knowledge of prehistoric tools and weapons, and, above all, Transformed current views on the use of game as food and clothing and shelter. West of the rock is a large drainage basin 40 km2 in size. This is a natural grazing area with lots of water and mixed grass is still fresh in the fall. This natural grazing area attracted herds of buffalo late in the fall.

To start the hunt, 'buffalo runners', young men trained in animal behavior, to encourage them to follow the flock mimic the murmurings of a lost calf. If the buffalo closer to the drive lanes (long rows stone cairns were built in the hunters the buffalo to the cliff kill site), the hunters would circle behind and upwind of the herd and hunts the animals by shouting and waving robes. If the buffalo stampeded to the edge of the cliff, the animals in the front would try to stop but the enormous weight of the herd from pressing behind the buffalo in the cliff.

Under the cliff kill site are deep stratified deposits contain traces of use goes back to more than 5,700 years. These deposits are accumulated layers dirt, stone rubble and bones as loess. For thousands of years of use, the loess has accumulated to a depth of more than 11 m. Artifacts found in the kill site are bone, worn or broken stone utensils and resharpening flakes, thousands of stone points, dart and arrowheads. A few stone knives and choppers are found.

The flat part directly under the killing on the spot was where the hunters camped at other sites while they finished at least satisfy the buffalo. A few tipi rings, the stones used to anchor tipis against the wind, to see on the prairie. It was here that the meat was cut in thin strips and hung on racks to dry in the sun. Large leg were taken to the nutritious bone marrow and the numerous boiling pits dug by archaeologists in this area give this broken bones were also cooked to grease. Cooking was done by throwing red-hot rocks in hide-lined pits filled with water.

Head-Smashed -In Buffalo Jump is linked to the human survival during the prehistory and shows a custom practiced by the people of the North American plains for approximately 6,000 years. By its size, Head-Smashed -In Buffalo Jump outdistances largely similar sites discovered in the 19th century in Europe, such as the Solutré in France (slaughter of wild horses) or Vestonice in Czechoslovakia (slaughter of young mammoths).

Source:whc/unesco