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| Wachau Cultural Landscape - Austria |
The Wachau is a piece of the valley of the Danube between milking and creams, a scenery of the highly visual quality. He should in an intact and visible form many tracks - keep in relation on the architecture (cloister, locks, ruins, urban design, (towns and villages), and agriculture, primarily for the cultivation of vines - his evolution since the prehistory.
Wide Report
The Wachau, a piece of the valley of the Danube between milking and creams, is an excellent example of a scenery river salmon roasted surrounded through mountains which have survived material proofs of his long historical evolution a noteworthy degree. The architecture, the human settlements, and the use of the land for the agriculture in the Wachau speaking examples illustrate a primarily medieval scenery which has developed biologically and harmoniously. The Wachau is kept a scenery of the highly visual quality in an intact and many tracks visible form - in the form of the architecture (cloister, locks, ruins) urban design (towns and villages) and agricultural use, primarily for the cultivation by vines - his development since the prehistory.
The dispatch of the natural forest lid by the man began in the neolithischen period, although significant changes took place on the land about 800 when the Bavarian and Salzburg began cloister to cultivate the slope of the Wachau, the development of the present scenery pattern of vine terraces. During the centuries which followed the area of the cultivation, under the influence of changes swayed in the climate and the wine market and acute working shortage and the resultant Lohnzunahmen in the 17-th century. In the 18-th century, slope vineyards was promoted in ecologically optimum areas actively. In this manner the areas which were for the pasture with the resultant economic results: some societies had to close, while others were complemented. It was in this period that wine-growing was given up, in the end, in the top pieces of the Wachau. The development of the scenery has in the 19-th century especially far-reaching implications for the Wachau. The relation of the land dedicated wines and the fruit wax and still near linkedly to variations to be returned at the markets for the products which does his typical appearance to the Wachau.
The basic layouts of the Wachau the towns which go back to 11. and the 12-th century. The development of the settlements with her homogeneous nature becomes in the town structures, in the structure as well as design of the houses on the street normally reflects irregular fields and cartridges which have remained, actually, consistently since the late middle age. Some centers were extended somewhat on the outside edge of the structure by small houses primarily from 1950 and, in addition. The buildings in the Wachau town date of newer periods than the street plans. In 15. and the 16-th century, built of the stone the farm citizens and wooden citizen-houses began.
The farms winegrower which, U-shaped or L-shaped are long or exist of two parallel buildings which date from the late middle age and 16. by the 17-th century. Most from these, with side gate-walls or integrated übergesprungenen passageways and servicing buildings, with smooth facades, mainly changed by 18. and the 19-th century. Street fronts will or reach often by late-medieval and post medieval bay windows on strong clips, images in Alkoven, mural paintings and Sgraffito work, or remains of the color to baroque facades increasingly. The precipitously put up, high crazy roof is done so often that it can be looked as an architectural quality of the Wachau of house. The buildings of the 18-th century, still trade, crafts are, and in the town structure, like taverns or inns, impulses are partially integrated to change Draftpferde, boat and machine operator, houses, windmills, to smiths let, or salt barrels resound, return often to 15. and the 16-th century. There are several locks the town and the valley of the Danube controls, and many architectural and artistic important ecclesiastical buildings control both townscape or scenery.
Historical Data
The dispatch of the natural forest lid of the Wachau by the man began in the neolithischen period, although significant changes took place on the land about 800 when the Bavarian and Salzburg began cloister to cultivate the slope of the Wachau, the development of the technically workable scenery pattern of vine terraces. During the centuries which followed the area of the cultivation, under the influence of changes swayed in the climate and the wine market and acute working shortage and the resultant Lohnzunahmen in the 17-th century. Consequently the wood settled in the top edges of the wine of growing area again; in the valleys it was substituted with other agricultural activities. The ground of the fallow areas, affected by fruitless attempts in the cultivation, has never recovered which explains the typical types of the special vegetation in these habitats (dry pasture, shrubs and forest land).
In the 18-th century, slope vineyards was promoted in ecologically optimum areas actively. In this manner the areas which were given on the pasture with the resultant economic results: some societies had to close, while others were complemented. It was in this period that wine-growing was given up, in the end, in the top pieces of the Wachau. The development of the scenery had in the 19-th century special results for the Wachau. The appearance of Phylloxera, the negative results of the war and the growing competition of the Burgenland and Italy took changes in the structure, the area, the methods of wine from growing areas, and the areas before. The apricot wax, typically for the Wachau one day, began, to decrease and to lower slope. The relation of the land dedicated wines and the fruit wax and still near linkedly to variations to be returned at the markets for the products which does his typical appearance to the Wachau.
There has been human occupation in the Wachau of Altsteinzeitlichen times, as indicated, by the figures of gallows mountain (c 32,000 years old) and will village (c 26,000 years old). The area of creams and milk it was already populated in the neolithischen period (in 4500-1800 BCE), and there are many find from the Bronze Age (1800-800 BCE). In the Iron Age the Illyrian Hallstatt culture (800-400 BCE) was substituted with the La Tène culture of the west bit by bit: at the moment the Celtic kingdom Noricum developed in the south of the Danube. As the Romans annexd Noricum in 15 BCE which the Danube the border (limes) with the Germanic people was in the north. Mautern (Favianis) was an important border garrison town where one of the Roman fleet was put up by the Danube. The limes broke down at the end of the 4-th century, and Noricum was laid on one of the main way-invasion by the north.
In 453 Saint Severinus, the ' apostle of Noricum, ' the first one founded a monastic community in the province beyond the gates of Mautern. As a result of his activities developed to Mautern in an important spiritual and religious center where pilgrims assembled and moved to Italy. The name 'Wachau' is mentioned first in 853 as a geometrical place Wahowa. Creams appears only when Urbs Chremisa in 995 and is the oldest Austrian town it is registered in a document. The Wachau is the setting of the Nibelungenlied, the big German epic, in writing shortly after 1200 and shows the political situation in this time. He mentions the Wachau towns Pöchlarn exit (Bechelaren), milk (Medelike), and Mautern (Mutoren). The Wachau came to 976 under the rule of the mountain Baben margraves, with Leopold I beginning. The Austrian march took to a dukedom was in 1156 and ordered to the mountain Baben Henry II Jasomirgott who are claims to Bavaria.
The counterreformation (in 1530-1620) had a big influence in the Wachau, to Protestantism under the Göttweig abbot Georg II Falb (1612-31), in the end, was suppressed. His support for eleven Austrian Benedictine's abbeys a main factor was reached in the interest by the Austrian cloister (and Göttweig in particular) in the baroque period. The victory on the Protestant also became in the building of churches, chapels and small monuments reflects. From 1700 and, in addition, the artistic and architectural monuments which belong to the most important examples of the Austrian baroque in the Wachau were built. These enclose the restoration of the abbey of milk (started in 1702), the conversion of the snow cannon abbey in Dürnstein (1715-33), and the full-scale reconstruction of the Göttweig abbey of 1719.
In the late 18. and at the beginning of 19-th century the Wachau began to lose his historical importance. The fastener the cloister in Austria and the Säkularisierung of Bavaria destroyed ancient ties. River transport was still substituted as a result of the competition by the street transport and by 1909 and further by the railroad line. This at the end of 19-th century saw a new perception of the Wachau, like the ' golden Wachau, ' a mixture of the history and the legend, the art and the people's customer, the wine and the hospitality. A crisis squad became founded in 1904 for the economic doctorate of the Wachau, with the participation of all local communities between creams and milk. In newer times there is a return to the roots of the area, what the intensive doctorate ' of the maintained ' tourism with the vineyards protected according to the law.
Source:whc/unesco
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